Polymerization catalysts for producing polymers with low levels of long chain branching

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to catalyst compositions, methods, and polymers encompassing at least one Group 4 metallocene compound comprising bridging η 5 -cyclopentadienyl-type ligands, typically in combination with at least one cocatalyst, and at least one activator. The compositions and methods disclosed herein provide ethylene polymers with low levels of long chain branching.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of organometal compositions, olefin polymerization catalyst compositions, methods for the polymerization and copolymerization of olefins using a catalyst composition, and polyolefins.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is known that mono-1-olefins (α-olefins), including ethylene, can be polymerized with catalyst compositions employing titanium, zirconium, vanadium, chromium, or other metals, often combined with a solid oxide and in the presence of cocatalysts. These catalyst compositions can be useful for both homopolymerization of ethylene, as well as copolymerization of ethylene with comonomers such as propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, or other higher α-olefins. Therefore, there exists a constant search to develop new olefin polymerization catalysts, catalyst activation processes, and methods of making and using catalysts that will provide enhanced catalytic activities and polymeric materials tailored to specific end uses.

Polyethylene (PE) produced by any number of methods generally contains small to moderate amounts of long chain branched molecules. In some instances, long chain branching (LCB) is desired to improve bubble stability during film blowing or to enhance the processibility of resins prepared with metallocene catalysts. However for many uses, the presence of LCB is considered undesirable due to the increased elasticity that it typically imparts to the resins. Therefore the ability to control the LCB level in polyethylene using metallocene-based catalysts is a desirable goal.

One example of this need is seen in the use of bridged or ansa-metallocene catalysts, which are desirable catalysts for some purposes, but which may tend to produce polymer with LCB levels that are detrimental to film performance. Therefore, new catalyst compositions and methods that allow better control of LCB levels within a desired specification range is a desirable goal.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention encompasses catalyst compositions, methods for preparing catalyst compositions, methods for polymerizing olefins, and ethylene polymers and copolymers. In the course of examining metallocene-based olefin polymerization catalysts, it was discovered that the long-chain branching (LCB) content of PE resins made with such catalysts was related to, among other things, the type of metallocene catalyst employed, and also related to the particular activator, including the particular solid oxide activator or “activator-support” which can constitute one component of the catalyst composition.

In one aspect of the present invention, for example, it was discovered that certain metallocene-based catalyst systems can produce high molecular weight polyethylene with low levels of LCB, even under relatively high temperature conditions. Useful metallocenes in preparing the catalyst compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ansa- or bridged metallocenes that comprise a pendant unsaturated moiety attached to the bridge of the bridging ligand. In one aspect, this pendant unsaturated moiety can comprise an olefinic functional group, therefore the pendant unsaturated moiety is referred to as an alkenyl (olefin-containing) group.

Thus, in one aspect, the present invention encompasses a catalyst composition comprising at least one ansa-metallocene compound having a pendant olefin-containing group attached to the bridge of the bridging ligand; optionally, at least one organoaluminum compound; and at least one activator. In one aspect, the at least one activator can be an activator-support selected from a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion, a layered mineral, an ion-exchangeable activator-support, or any combination thereof; an organoaluminoxane compound; an organoboron compound; an organoborate compound; or any combination of any of these activators. In another aspect, this invention comprises the contact product of at least one ansa-metallocene compound having a pendant olefin-containing (or alkenyl) group attached to the bridge of the bridging ligand; optionally, at least one organoaluminum compound; and at least one activator. In this aspect, this invention encompasses a composition of matter, a catalyst composition for polymerizing olefins, a method of preparing a catalyst composition, a method of polymerizing olefins, new polymers and copolymers of ethylene, and the like, in each case encompassing at least one ansa-metallocene compound comprising a pendant olefin-containing (or alkenyl) group attached to the bridge of the bridging ligand; optionally, at least one organoaluminum compound; and at least one activator. In another aspect, the at least one activator can be a solid oxide activator-support, that is, it can be a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion.

In one aspect, the catalyst composition of this invention can comprise the contact product of: 1) at least one ansa-metallocene; 2) optionally, at least one organoaluminum compound; and 3) at least one activator; wherein:

a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula: (X¹)(X²)(X³)(X⁴)M, wherein

-   -   M is titanium, zirconium, or hafnium;     -   (X¹) and (X²) are independently a substituted fluorenyl or a         substituted indenyl;     -   one substituent on (X¹) and (X²) is a bridging group bonded to         both (X¹) and (X²) and having the formula         CH₂CH[(CH₂)_(n)CH═CH₂], or a substituted analog thereof, wherein         n is an integer from 1 to 8, inclusive;     -   (X³) and (X⁴) are independently: 1) F, Cl, Br, or I; 2) a         hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄; 3) a         hydrocarbyloxide group, a hydrocarbylamino group, or a         trihydrocarbylsilyl group, any of which having up to 20 carbon         atoms; or 4) OBR^(A) ₂ or SO₃R^(A), wherein R^(A) is an alkyl         group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 12 carbon         atoms; and     -   any substituent on the bridging group, any additional         substituent on the substituted fluorenyl, and any additional         substituent on the substituted indenyl is independently an         aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a cyclic group, a         combination of aliphatic and cyclic groups, an oxygen group, a         sulfur group, a nitrogen group, a phosphorus group, an arsenic         group, a carbon group, a silicon group, or a boron group, any of         which having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; a halide; or hydrogen;

b) the at least one organoaluminum compound comprises a compound having the formula: Al(X⁵)_(n)(X⁶)_(3−n),

-   -   wherein (X⁵) is a hydrocarbyl having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms;         (X⁶) is alkoxide or aryloxide, any of which having from 1 to 20         carbon atoms, halide, or hydride; and n is a number from 1 to 3,         inclusive; and

c) the at least one activator is selected independently from:

-   -   i) an activator-support selected from a solid oxide treated with         an electron-withdrawing anion, a layered mineral, an         ion-exchangeable activator-support, or any combination thereof;     -   ii) an organoboron compound or an organoborate compound; or     -   iii) any combination thereof;

wherein the at least one organoaluminum compound is optional when at least one of X³ and X⁴ is a hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄.

Accordingly, in one aspect of this invention, the at least one organoaluminum compound can be optional when at least one of X³ and X⁴ of the metallocene (X¹)(X²)(X³)(X⁴)M disclosed immediately above is a hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄. Thus, while not intending to be bound by theory, it will be recognized by one of ordinary skill that a metallocene-based composition that exhibits catalytic polymerization activity typically comprises the contact product of: 1) a metallocene component; 2) a component that provides an activatable ligand such as an alkyl or hydride ligand to the metallocene, when the metallocene compound does not already comprise such a ligand; and 3) an activator component. In some instances, one component can function as both the component that provides an activatable ligand and the activator component, for example, an organoaluminoxane. In other cases, these two functions can be provided by two separate components, such as an organoaluminum compound that can provide an activatable alkyl ligand to the metallocene, and a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion that can provide the activator function. Further, in some instances, the metallocene compound can already comprise an activatable ligand such as an alkyl ligand, therefore, a component that provides an activatable ligand is not required, but can be an optional component of the contact product. Therefore, by designating the at least one organoaluminum compound as “optional” in the contact product, it is intended to reflect that the organoaluminum compound can be optional when it is not necessary to impart catalytic activity to the composition comprising the contact product, as understood by one of ordinary skill.

In another aspect of the present invention, this invention provides a catalyst composition comprising the contact product of: 1) at least one ansa-metallocene; 2) optionally, at least one organoaluminum compound; and 3) at least one activator; wherein:

a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula:

or a combination thereof, wherein

-   -   M¹ and M² are independently zirconium or hafnium;     -   X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, and X¹⁰ are independently F, Cl, Br, I, H, BH₄,         methyl, phenyl, or benzyl;     -   R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ are independently an alkyl group         or an aryl group, any of which having up to 10 carbon atoms, or         hydrogen; and     -   n, in each occurrence, is an integer from 0 to 7, inclusive;

b) the at least one organoaluminum compound comprises trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tripropylaluminum, tributylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, trihexylaluminum, triisohexylaluminum, trioctylaluminum, diethylaluminum ethoxide, diisobutylaluminum hydride, diethylaluminum chloride, or any combination thereof; and

c) the at least one activator comprises a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion, wherein

-   -   the solid oxide is silica, alumina, silica-alumina,         aluminophosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc aluminate,         heteropolytungstates, titania, zirconia, magnesia, boria, zinc         oxide, mixed oxides thereof, or any combination thereof; and     -   the electron-withdrawing anion is fluoride, chloride, bromide,         iodide, phosphate, triflate, bisulfate, sulfate, fluoroborate,         fluorosulfate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, fluorophosphate,         fluorozirconate, fluorosilicate, fluorotitanate, substituted or         unsubstituted alkanesulfonate, substituted or unsubstituted         arenesulfonate, or any combination thereof.

In still another aspect, the present invention provides a catalyst composition comprising the contact product of: 1) at least one ansa-metallocene; and 2) at least one activator; wherein:

a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula: (X¹)(X²)(X³)(X⁴)M, wherein

-   -   M is titanium, zirconium, or hafnium;     -   (X¹) and (X²) are independently a substituted fluorenyl or a         substituted indenyl;     -   one substituent on (X¹) and (X²) is a bridging group bonded to         both (X¹) and (X²) and having the formula         CH₂CH[(CH₂)_(n)CH═CH₂], or a substituted analog thereof, wherein         n is an integer from 1 to 8, inclusive;     -   (X³) and (X⁴) are independently: 1) F, Cl, Br, or I; 2) a         hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄; 3) a         hydrocarbyloxide group, a hydrocarbylamino group, or a         trihydrocarbylsilyl group, any of which having up to 20 carbon         atoms; or 4) OBR^(A) ₂ or SO₃R^(A), wherein R^(A) is an alkyl         group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 12 carbon         atoms; wherein at least one (X³) and (X⁴) is a hydrocarbyl group         having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄; and     -   any substituent on the bridging group, any additional         substituent on the substituted fluorenyl, and any additional         substituent on the substituted indenyl is independently an         aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a cyclic group, a         combination of aliphatic and cyclic groups, an oxygen group, a         sulfur group, a nitrogen group, a phosphorus group, an arsenic         group, a carbon group, a silicon group, or a boron group, any of         which having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; a halide; or hydrogen;         and

b) the at least one activator is selected independently from:

-   -   i) an activator-support selected from a solid oxide treated with         an electron-withdrawing anion, a layered mineral, an         ion-exchangeable activator-support, or any combination thereof;     -   ii) an organoboron compound or an organoborate compound; or     -   iii) any combination thereof.

Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a catalyst composition comprising the contact product of: 1) at least one ansa-metallocene; and 2) at least one activator, wherein:

a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula:

or a combination thereof, wherein

-   -   M¹ and M² are independently zirconium or hafnium;     -   X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, and X¹⁰ are independently F, Cl, Br, I, H, BH₄,         methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; wherein at least one of X⁷ and X⁸ is         H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; and wherein at least one of         X⁹ and X¹⁰ is H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl;     -   R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ are independently an alkyl group         or an aryl group, any of which having up to 10 carbon atoms, or         hydrogen; and     -   n, in each occurrence, is an integer from 0 to 7, inclusive; and

b) the at least one activator comprises a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion, wherein

-   -   the solid oxide is silica, alumina, silica-alumina,         aluminophosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc aluminate,         heteropolytungstates, titania, zirconia, magnesia, boria, zinc         oxide, mixed oxides thereof, or any combination thereof; and     -   the electron-withdrawing anion is fluoride, chloride, bromide,         iodide, phosphate, triflate, bisulfate, sulfate, fluoroborate,         fluorosulfate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, fluorophosphate,         fluorozirconate, fluorosilicate, fluorotitanate, substituted or         unsubstituted alkanesulfonate, substituted or unsubstituted         arenesulfonate, or any combination thereof.

In a further aspect of this invention, the activator-support can comprise a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion, wherein the solid oxide comprises or wherein the solid oxide is selected from silica, alumina, silica-alumina, aluminophosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc aluminate, heteropolytungstates, titania, zirconia, magnesia, boria, zinc oxide, mixed oxides thereof, or mixtures thereof. In this aspect, the electron-withdrawing anion can comprise fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, phosphate, triflate, bisulfate, sulfate, fluoroborate, fluorosulfate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, fluorophosphate, fluorozirconate, fluorosilicate, fluorotitanate, substituted sulfonate, unsubstituted sulfonate, or any combination thereof. In addition, the activator-support can further comprise a metal or metal ion such as zinc, nickel, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, silver, tin, or any combination thereof. Also in this aspect, the electron-withdrawing anion can be fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, phosphate, triflate, bisulfate, sulfate, fluoroborate, fluorosulfate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, fluorophosphate, fluorozirconate, fluorosilicate, fluorotitanate, substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfonate, substituted or unsubstituted arenesulfonate, and the like, including any combination thereof.

In yet another aspect of this invention, the activator-support can be selected from a layered mineral, an ion-exchangeable activator-support, or any combination thereof. In this aspect, the activator-support can comprise a clay mineral, a pillared clay, an exfoliated clay, an exfoliated clay gelled into another oxide matrix, a layered silicate mineral, a non-layered silicate mineral, a layered aluminosilicate mineral, a non-layered aluminosilicate mineral, or any combination of these materials.

In another aspect, this invention further provides a process for producing a polymerization catalyst composition comprising contacting: at least one ansa-metallocene compound; optionally, at least one organoaluminum compound; and at least one activator; to produce the composition, wherein the at least one ansa-metallocene, the at least one organoaluminum compound, and the at least one activator are defined herein. In still another aspect, this invention affords a method of polymerizing olefins, comprising contacting ethylene and an optional α-olefin comonomer with a catalyst composition under polymerization conditions to form a polymer or copolymer; wherein the catalyst composition is provided as disclosed herein. In yet a further aspect, the present invention provides ethylene polymers and copolymers, and articles made therefrom, produced by contacting ethylene and an optional α-olefin comonomer with a catalyst composition under polymerization conditions to form a polymer or copolymer; wherein the catalyst composition is provided as disclosed herein.

In one aspect of this invention, the activity of the catalyst compositions of this invention can be enhanced by precontacting some of the polymerization reaction components to form a first mixture, for a first period of time, before this mixture is then contacted with the remaining polymerization reaction components, forming a second mixture, for a second period of time. For example, the ansa-metallocene compound can be precontacted with some other polymerization reaction components, including, but not limited to, for example, an α-olefin monomer and an organoaluminum cocatalyst, for some period of time before this mixture is contacted with the remaining polymerization reaction components, including, but not limited to, a solid oxide activator-support. The first mixture is typically termed the “precontacted” mixture and comprises precontacted components, and the second mixture is typically termed the “postcontacted” mixture and comprises postcontacted components. For example, the mixture of at least one ansa-metallocene, at least one olefin monomer, and at least one organoaluminum cocatalyst compound, before this mixture is contacted with the activator-support, is one type of “precontacted” mixture. The mixture of ansa-metallocene, monomer, organoaluminum cocatalyst, and acidic activator-support, formed from contacting the precontacted mixture with the acidic activator-support, is thus termed the “postcontacted” mixture. This terminology is used regardless of what type of reaction, if any, occurs between components of the mixtures. For example, according to this description, it is possible for the precontacted organoaluminum compound, once it is admixed with the metallocene or metallocenes and the olefin monomer, to have a different chemical formulation and structure from the distinct organoaluminum compound used to prepare the precontacted mixture.

This invention also comprises methods of making catalyst compositions that utilize at least one ansa-metallocene catalyst, optionally at least one organoaluminum compound, and at least one activator. The methods of this invention include precontacting any selected catalyst components, for example, the metallocene catalyst and an organoaluminum cocatalyst with an olefin, typically but not necessarily, a monomer to be polymerized or copolymerized, prior to contacting this precontacted mixture with any remaining catalyst components, in this example, the solid oxide activator-support.

In yet another aspect, the present invention further comprises new catalyst compositions, methods for preparing catalyst compositions, and methods for polymerizing olefins that can result in improved productivity. In one aspect, these methods can be carried out without the need for using large excess concentrations of the expensive organoaluminoxane cocatalyst such as methyl aluminoxane (MAO), or the catalyst composition can be substantially free of aluminoxanes such as MAO. That is, the catalyst compositions of this invention can have polymerization activity in the substantial absence of aluminoxanes. However, this invention also provides a catalyst composition comprising an ansa-metallocene compound and an aluminoxane. Therefore, in this aspect, the catalyst composition is not required to comprise either an acidic activator-support wherein the activator-support comprises a chemically treated solid oxide, and the catalyst composition is also not required to comprise an organoaluminum compound.

Additionally, this invention encompasses a process comprising contacting at least one monomer and the catalyst composition under polymerization conditions to produce the polymer. Thus, this invention comprises methods for polymerizing olefins using the catalyst compositions prepared as described herein.

The present invention also encompasses new polyolefins.

This invention also encompasses an article comprising the polymer produced with the catalyst composition of this invention.

These and other features, aspects, embodiments, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after a review of the following detailed description of the disclosed features.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates the structures of specific ansa-metallocenes used in the Examples.

FIG. 2 provides a plot of zero shear viscosity versus molecular weight, specifically, log(η₀) versus log(M_(w)) for polymers prepared according to inventive Examples 1-2.

FIG. 3 illustrates data obtained from SEC-MALS analysis of the soluble copolymer produced in comparative Example3 (plot of R_(g) versus M_(w)).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides new catalyst compositions, methods for preparing catalyst compositions, methods for using the catalyst compositions to polymerize olefins, olefin polymers and articles prepared therefrom. In one aspect, this invention encompasses a catalyst composition comprising at least one bridged or ansa-metallocene compound having a pendant olefin-containing (or alkenyl) group attached to the bridge of the bridging ligand; optionally, at least one organoaluminum compound; and at least one activator. In another aspect, this invention comprises methods for making the catalyst composition disclosed herein, and in yet a further aspect, this invention comprises methods for polymerizing olefins employing the catalyst composition disclosed herein. As described above, the designation of the at least one organoaluminum compound as an optional component in the contact product, it is intended to reflect that the organoaluminum compound can be optional when it is not necessary to impart catalytic activity to the composition comprising the contact product, as understood by one of ordinary skill. A detailed description of the contact product components follows.

Catalyst Composition and Components

The Metallocene Compounds

In one aspect, the present invention provides a catalyst composition comprising at least one bridged or ansa-metallocene compound comprising a pendant alkenyl group attached to the bridge of the bridging ligand; optionally, at least one organoaluminum compound; and at least one activator, as further disclosed herein.

As used herein, the term bridged or ansa-metallocene refers simply to a metallocene compound in which the two η⁵-cycloalkadienyl-type ligands in the molecule are linked by a bridging moiety. One class of useful ansa-metallocenes contain two-carbon bridges, that is, the two η⁵-cycloalkadienyl-type ligands are connected by a bridging group wherein the shortest link of the bridging moiety between the η⁵-cycloalkadienyl-type ligands is two carbon atoms, although the bridging moiety is substituted. The metallocenes of this invention are therefore bridged bis(η⁵-cycloalkadienyl)-type compounds, wherein the η⁵-cycloalkadienyl portions can comprise two substituted fluorenyl ligands, two substituted indenyl ligands, or a combination of a substituted fluorenyl ligand and a substituted indenyl ligand, wherein one substituent on these ligands is a bridging group having the formula CH₂CH[(CH₂)_(n)CH═CH₂], or a substituted analog thereof, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8, inclusive, wherein any substituent is as provided herein. Thus, in this aspect, one substituent on the bridging, bis(η⁵-cyclopentadienyl)-type ligand is the bridging group itself that is bonded to both η⁵-cycloalkadienyl-type ligands, having the formula CH₂CH[CH₂CH═CH₂], CH₂CH[(CH₂)₂CH═CH₂], CH₂CH[(CH₂)₃CH═CH₂], CH₂CH[(CH₂)₄CH═CH₂], CH₂CH[(CH₂)₅CH═CH₂], CH₂CH[(CH₂)₆CH═CH₂], CH₂CH[(CH₂)₇CH═CH₂], CH₂CH[(CH₂)₈CH═CH₂], or a substituted analog thereof. This moiety is referred to herein as an “alkenyl group,” regardless of the regiochemistry of the alkene functionality. In this aspect, the olefin-containing hydrocarbyl group is bonded to the bridge between the cyclopentadienyl-type ligands, wherein the olefinic bond is distal from the bridging atoms, and therefore can be described as a pendant alkenyl group.

In still another aspect, the alkenyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. For example, any substituent on the alkenyl group, when present, can be selected independently from an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a cyclic group, a combination of aliphatic and cyclic groups, an oxygen group, a sulfur group, a nitrogen group, a phosphorus group, an arsenic group, a carbon group, a silicon group, or a boron group, or a substituted derivative or a substituted analog thereof, any of which having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; a halide; or hydrogen. While hydrogen is listed as a possible substituent on the alkenyl group, it is to be understood that hydrogen can add to an unsaturated substituent that is a substituent on the alkenyl group, and not to the carbon-carbon double bond of the alkenyl group itself. Thus, hydrogen is a possible substituent on any unsaturated moiety within the alkenyl group as long as it does not add across the very olefin moiety necessary for this group to be considered an alkenyl group. Further, this description of other substituents on the alkenyl group atom can include substituted, unsubstituted, branched, linear, or heteroatom-substituted analogs of these moieties.

In addition to being substituted with an alkenyl-containing bridging group having the formula CH₂CH[(CH₂)_(n)CH═CH₂] as provided herein, the cyclopentadienyl-type ligands can also have other substituents. For example, any additional substituent can be selected independently from the same chemical groups or moieties that can serve as the substituents on the bridging group of the formula CH₂CH[(CH₂)_(n)CH═CH₂] disclosed herein. Thus, any additional substituent on the cyclopentadienyl-type ligands can be independently selected from an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a cyclic group, a combination of aliphatic and cyclic groups, an oxygen group, a sulfur group, a nitrogen group, a phosphorus group, an arsenic group, a carbon group, a silicon group, or a boron group, or a substituted derivative or analog thereof, any of which having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; a halide; or hydrogen; as long as these groups do not terminate the activity of the catalyst composition. Further, this list includes substituents that can be characterized in more than one of these categories such as benzyl. This list also includes hydrogen, therefore the notion of a substituted indenyl and substituted fluorenyl includes partially saturated indenyls and fluorenyls including, but not limited to, tetrahydroindenyl groups, tetrahydrofluorenyl groups, and octahydrofluorenyl groups.

Examples of each of these substituent groups include, but are not limited to, the following groups. In each example presented below, unless otherwise specified, R is independently selected from: an aliphatic group; an aromatic group; a cyclic group; any combination thereof; any substituted derivative thereof, including but not limited to, a halide-, an alkoxide-, or an amide-substituted analog or derivative thereof; any of which has from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; or hydrogen. Also included in these groups are any unsubstituted, branched, or linear analogs thereof.

Examples of aliphatic groups, in each occurrence, include, but are not limited to, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, a cycloalkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkadienyl group, a cyclic group, and the like, and includes all substituted, unsubstituted, branched, and linear analogs or derivatives thereof, in each occurrence having from one to about 20 carbon atoms. Thus, aliphatic groups include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbyls such as paraffins and alkenyls. For example, aliphatic groups as used herein include methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, amyl, isoamyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, 2-ethylhexyl, pentenyl, butenyl, and the like.

Examples of aromatic groups, in each occurrence, include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and the like, including substituted derivatives thereof, in each occurrence having from 6 to about 25 carbons. Substituted derivatives of aromatic compounds include, but are not limited to, tolyl, xylyl, mesityl, and the like, including any heteroatom substituted derivative thereof.

Examples of cyclic groups, in each occurrence, include, but are not limited to, cycloparaffins, cycloolefins, cycloacetylenes, arenes such as phenyl, bicyclic groups and the like, including substituted derivatives thereof, in each occurrence having from about 3 to about 20 carbon atoms. Thus heteroatom-substituted cyclic groups such as furanyl are included herein.

In each occurrence, aliphatic and cyclic groups are groups comprising an aliphatic portion and a cyclic portion, examples of which include, but are not limited to, groups such as: —(CH₂)_(m)C₆H_(q)R_(5−q) wherein m is an integer from 1 to about 10, and q is an integer from 1 to 5, inclusive; —(CH₂)_(m)C₆H_(q)R_(11−q) wherein m is an integer from 1 to about 10, and q is an integer from 1 to 11, inclusive; or —(CH₂)_(m)C₅H_(q)R_(9−q) wherein m is an integer from 1 to about 10, and q is an integer from 1 to 9, inclusive. In each occurrence and as defined above, R is independently selected from: an aliphatic group; an aromatic group; a cyclic group; any combination thereof; any substituted derivative thereof, including but not limited to, a halide-, an alkoxide-, or an amide-substituted derivative or analog thereof; any of which has from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; or hydrogen. In one aspect, aliphatic and cyclic groups include, but are not limited to: —CH₂C₆H₅; —CH₂C₆H₄F; —CH₂C₆H₄Cl; —CH₂C₆H₄Br; —CH₂C₆H₄I; —CH₂C₆H₄OMe; —CH₂C₆H₄OEt; —CH₂C₆H₄NH₂; —CH₂C₆H₄NMe₂; —CH₂C₆H₄NEt₂; —CH₂CH₂C₆H₅; —CH₂CH₂C₆H₄F; —CH₂CH₂C₆H₄Cl; —CH₂CH₂C₆H₄Br; —CH₂CH₂C₆H₄I; —CH₂CH₂C₆H₄OMe; —CH₂CH₂C₆H₄OEt; —CH₂CH₂C₆H₄NH₂; —CH₂CH₂C₆H₄NMe₂; —CH₂CH₂C₆H₄NEt₂; any regioisomer thereof, and any substituted derivative thereof.

Examples of halides, in each occurrence, include fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide.

In each occurrence, oxygen groups are oxygen-containing groups, examples of which include, but are not limited to, alkoxy or aryloxy groups (—OR) and the like, including substituted derivatives thereof, wherein R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, substituted alkyl, substituted aryl, or substituted aralkyl having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. Examples of alkoxy or aryloxy groups (—OR) groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, phenoxy, substituted phenoxy, and the like.

In each occurrence, sulfur groups are sulfur-containing groups, examples of which include, but are not limited to, —SR and the like, including substituted derivatives thereof, wherein R in each occurrence is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, substituted alkyl, substituted aryl, or substituted aralkyl having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms.

In each occurrence, nitrogen groups are nitrogen-containing groups, which include, but are not limited to, —NR₂ or pyridyl groups, and the like, including substituted derivatives thereof, wherein R in each occurrence is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, substituted alkyl, substituted aryl, or substituted aralkyl having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms.

In each occurrence, phosphorus groups are phosphorus-containing groups, which include, but are not limited to, —PR₂, and the like, including substituted derivatives thereof, wherein R in each occurrence is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, substituted alkyl, substituted aryl, or substituted aralkyl having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms.

In each occurrence, arsenic groups are arsenic-containing groups, which include, but are not limited to, —AsR₂, and the like, including substituted derivatives thereof, wherein R in each occurrence is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, substituted alkyl, substituted aryl, or substituted aralkyl having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms.

In each occurrence, carbon groups are carbon-containing groups, which include, but are not limited to, alkyl halide groups that comprise halide-substituted alkyl groups with 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl or alkenyl halide groups with 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, aralkyl or aralkyl halide groups with 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, and the like, including substituted derivatives thereof.

In each occurrence, silicon groups are silicon-containing groups, which include, but are not limited to, silyl groups such alkylsilyl groups, arylsilyl groups, arylalkylsilyl groups, siloxy groups, and the like, which in each occurrence have from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. For example, silicon groups include trimethylsilyl and phenyloctylsilyl groups.

In each occurrence, boron groups are boron-containing groups, which include, but are not limited to, —BR₂, —BX₂, —BRX, wherein X is a monoanionic group such as halide, hydride, alkoxide, alkyl thiolate, and the like, and wherein R in each occurrence is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, substituted alkyl, substituted aryl, or substituted aralkyl having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms.

Thus, in one aspect, the at least one ansa-metallocene of this invention can comprise a compound having the formula: (X¹)(X²)(X³)(X⁴)M, wherein

-   -   M is titanium, zirconium, or hafnium;     -   (X¹) and (X²) are independently a substituted fluorenyl or a         substituted indenyl;     -   one substituent on (X¹) and (X²) is a bridging group bonded to         both (X¹) and (X²) and having the formula         CH₂CH[(CH₂)_(n)CH═CH₂], or a substituted analog thereof, wherein         n is an integer from 1 to 8, inclusive;     -   (X³) and (X⁴) are independently: 1) F, Cl, Br, or I; 2) a         hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄; 3) a         hydrocarbyloxide group, a hydrocarbylamino group, or a         trihydrocarbylsilyl group, any of which having up to 20 carbon         atoms; or 4) OBR^(A) ₂ or SO₃R^(A), wherein R^(A) is an alkyl         group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 12 carbon         atoms; and     -   any substituent on the bridging group, any additional         substituent on the substituted fluorenyl, and any additional         substituent on the substituted indenyl is independently an         aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a cyclic group, a         combination of aliphatic and cyclic groups, an oxygen group, a         sulfur group, a nitrogen group, a phosphorus group, an arsenic         group, a carbon group, a silicon group, or a boron group, any of         which having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; a halide; or hydrogen.

In another aspect of this invention, (X³) and (X⁴) of the formula (X¹)(X²)(X³)(X⁴)M can be independently selected from an aliphatic group, a cyclic group, a combination of an aliphatic group and a cyclic group, an amido group, a phosphido group, an alkyloxide group, an aryloxide group, a substituted or an unsubstituted alkanesulfonate, a substituted or an unsubstituted arenesulfonate, or a trialkylsilyl, or a substituted derivative thereof, any of which having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; or a halide. In yet another aspect, (X³) and (X⁴) are independently: 1) F, Cl, Br, or I; 2) a hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄; 3) a hydrocarbyloxide group, a hydrocarbylamino group, or a trihydrocarbylsilyl group, any of which having up to 20 carbon atoms; 4) OBR^(A) ₂ or SO₃R^(A), wherein R^(A) is an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 12 carbon atoms. In still another aspect, (X³) and (X⁴) are independently selected from a hydrocarbyl having from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, or a halide. In another aspect, (X³) and (X⁴) are independently selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide. In yet another aspect, (X³) and (X⁴) are chloride. In still another aspect, (X³) and (X⁴) are independently a hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄.

A further aspect of the invention provides that the at least one ansa-metallocene of this invention comprises a compound having the formula:

M¹ is zirconium or hafnium;

X⁷ and X⁸ are independently F, Cl, Br, I, H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl;

R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 10 carbon atoms, or hydrogen; and

n is an integer from 0 to 7, inclusive.

In yet another aspect, the at least one ansa-metallocene of this invention comprises a compound having the formula:

M² is zirconium or hafnium;

X⁹ and X¹⁰ are independently F, Cl, Br, I, H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl;

R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 10 carbon atoms, or hydrogen; and

n is an integer from 0 to 7, inclusive.

Another aspect of this invention provides at least one ansa-metallocene comprising a compound having the formula:

or a combination thereof, wherein

M¹ and M² are independently zirconium or hafnium;

X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, and X¹⁰ are independently F, Cl, Br, I, H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; wherein at least one of X⁷ and X⁸ is H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; and wherein at least one of X⁹ and X¹⁰ is H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl;

R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 10 carbon atoms, or hydrogen; and

n, in each occurrence, is an integer from 0 to 7, inclusive.

Still another aspect of this invention provides at least one ansa-metallocene comprising a compound having the formula:

or a combination thereof, wherein

M¹ and M² are independently zirconium or hafnium;

X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, and X¹⁰ are independently Cl, Br, methyl, or benzyl;

R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are independently t-butyl or hydrogen;

R⁷ is H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, or n-butyl, and

n, in each occurrence, is an integer from 1 to 5, inclusive.

In a further aspect, the at least one ansa-metallocene of this invention comprises, or is selected from, a compound having the formula:

or any combination thereof, wherein n in each occurrence is an integer from 1 to 5, inclusive.

Numerous processes to prepare metallocene compounds that can be employed in this invention have been reported. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,939,217, 5,191,132, 5,210,352, 5,347,026, 5,399,636, 5,401,817, 5,420,320, 5,436,305, 5,451,649, 5,496,781, 5,498,581, 5,541,272, 5,554,795, 5,563,284, 5,565,592, 5,571,880, 5,594,078, 5,631,203, 5,631,335, 5,654,454, 5,668,230, 5,705,578, 5,705,579, 6,187,880, and 6,509,427 describe such methods. Other processes to prepare metallocene compounds that can be employed in this invention have been reported in references such as: Köppl, A. Alt, H. G. J. Mol. Catal A. 2001, 165, 23; Kajigaeshi, S.; Kadowaki, T.; Nishida, A.; Fujisaki, S. The Chemical Society of Japan, 1986, 59, 97; Alt, H. G.; Jung, M.; Kehr, G. J. Organomet. Chem. 1998, 562, 153-181; Alt, H. G.; Jung, M. J. Organomet. Chem. 1998, 568, 87-112; Jung, M., Doctoral Dissertation, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany, 1997; Piefer, B., Doctoral Dissertation, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany, 1995; and Zenk, R., Doctoral Dissertation, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany, 1994. The following treatises also describe such methods: Wailes, P. C.; Coutts, R. S. P.; Weigold, H. in Organometallic Chemistry of Titanium, Zirconium, and Hafnium, Academic; New York, 1974.; Cardin, D. J.; Lappert, M. F.; and Raston, C. L.; Chemistry of Organo-Zirconium and -Hafnium Compounds; Halstead Press; New York, 1986.

The Organoaluminum Compound

In one aspect, the present invention provides a catalyst composition comprising the contact product of at least one ansa-metallocene compound having a pendant alkenyl group attached to the bridge of the bridging ligand; optionally, at least one organoaluminum compound; and at least one activator. Thus, the designation of the at least one organoaluminum compound as optional is intended to reflect that the organoaluminum compound can be optional when it is not necessary to impart catalytic activity to the composition comprising the contact product, as understood by one of ordinary skill, for example, when the ansa-metallocene comprises a hydrocarbyl, H, or BH₄ ligand.

Organoaluminum compounds that can be used in this invention include, but are not limited to, compounds with the formula: Al(X⁵)_(n)(X⁶)_(3−n),

wherein (X⁵) is a hydrocarbyl having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; (X⁶) is alkoxide or aryloxide, any of which having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, halide, or hydride; and n is a number from 1 to 3, inclusive. In one aspect, (X⁵) is an alkyl having from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms. Examples of (X⁵) moieties include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, and the like. In another aspect, examples of (X⁵) moieties include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, 1-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, octyl, and the like. In another aspect, (X⁶) can be independently selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, methoxide, ethoxide, or hydride. In yet another aspect, (X⁶) can be chloride.

In the formula Al(X⁵)_(n)(X⁶)_(3−n), n is a number from 1 to 3 inclusive, and typically, n is 3. The value of n is not restricted to be an integer, therefore this formula includes sesquihalide compounds, other organoaluminum cluster compounds, and the like.

Generally, examples of organoaluminum compounds that can be used in this invention include, but are not limited to, trialkylaluminum compounds, dialkylaluminium halide compounds, dialkylaluminum alkoxide compounds, dialkylaluminum hydride compounds, and combinations thereof. Examples of organoaluminum compounds that are useful in this invention include, but are not limited to trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tripropylaluminum, tributylaluminum, tri-n-butylaluminum (TNBA), triisobutylaluminum (TIBA), trihexylaluminum, triisohexylaluminum, trioctylaluminum, diethylaluminum ethoxide, diisobutylaluminum hydride, diethylaluminum chloride, or any combination thereof. If the particular alkyl isomer is not specified, the compound is intended to encompass all isomers that can arise from a particular specified alkyl group. Thus, in another aspect, examples of organoaluminum compounds that can be used in this invention include, but are not limited to, trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tripropylaluminum, tributylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, trihexylaluminum, triisohexylaluminum, trioctylaluminum, diethylaluminum ethoxide, diisobutylaluminum hydride, diethylaluminum chloride, or any combination thereof.

In one aspect, the present invention comprises precontacting the ansa-metallocene with at least one organoaluminum compound and an olefin monomer to form a precontacted mixture, prior to contact this precontacted mixture with the solid oxide activator-support to form the active catalyst. When the catalyst composition is prepared in this manner, typically, though not necessarily, a portion of the organoaluminum compound is added to the precontacted mixture and another portion of the organoaluminum compound is added to the postcontacted mixture prepared when the precontacted mixture is contacted with the solid oxide activator. However, all of the organoaluminum compound can be used to prepare the catalyst in either the precontacting or postcontacting step. Alternatively, all the catalyst components can be contacted in a single step.

Further, more than one organoaluminum compound can be used, in either the precontacting or the postcontacting step, or in any procedure in which the catalyst components are contacted. When an organoaluminum compound is added in multiple steps, the amounts of organoaluminum compound disclosed herein include the total amount of organoaluminum compound used in both the precontacted and postcontacted mixtures, and any additional organoaluminum compound added to the polymerization reactor. Therefore, total amounts of organoaluminum compounds are disclosed, regardless of whether a single organoaluminum compound is used, or more than one organoaluminum compound. In another aspect, typical organoaluminum compounds used in this invention include, but are not limited to, triethylaluminum (TEA), tri-n-butylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, or any combination thereof.

The Activator

In one aspect, the present invention encompasses a catalyst composition comprising the contact product of at least one ansa-metallocene compound as disclosed herein; optionally, at least one organoaluminum compound; and at least one activator. In another aspect, the at least one activator can be a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion; a layered mineral; an ion-exchangeable activator-support; an organoaluminoxane compound; an organoboron compound; an organoborate compound; or any combination of any of these activators, each of which is provided herein.

Chemically Treated Solid Oxide Activator-Supports

In one aspect, the present invention encompasses catalyst compositions comprising an activator-support, which can be a chemically treated solid oxide, and which is typically used in combination with an organoaluminum compound. In another aspect, the activator-support can comprise at least one solid oxide treated with at least one electron-withdrawing anion; wherein the solid oxide can be silica, alumina, silica-alumina, aluminophosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc aluminate, heteropolytungstates, titania, zirconia, magnesia, boria, zinc oxide, mixed oxides thereof, and the like, or any mixture or combination thereof; and wherein the electron-withdrawing anion can be fluoride, chloride, bromide, phosphate, triflate, bisulfate, sulfate, fluoroborate, fluorosulfate, trifluoroacetate, fluorophosphates, fluorozirconate, fluorosilicate, fluorotitanate, substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfonate, substituted or unsubstituted arenesulfonate, and the like, or any combination thereof.

The chemically treated solid oxide comprises the contact product of at least one solid oxide compound and at least one electron-withdrawing anion source. In one aspect, the solid oxide compound comprises an inorganic oxide. The solid oxide can be optionally calcined prior to contacting the electron-withdrawing anion source. The contact product can also be calcined either during or after the solid oxide compound is contacted with the electron-withdrawing anion source. In this aspect, the solid oxide compound can be calcined or uncalcined. In another aspect, the activator-support can comprise the contact product of at least one calcined solid oxide compound and at least one electron-withdrawing anion source.

Typically, the chemically treated solid oxide exhibits enhanced activity as compared to the corresponding untreated solid oxide compound. This type activator-support also functions as a catalyst activator as compared to the corresponding untreated solid oxide. While not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that the chemically treated solid oxide can function as solid oxide supporting compound with an additional ionizing, polarizing, or bond weakening function, collectively termed an “activating” function, by weakening the metal-ligand bond between an anionic ligand and the metal in the metallocene. Thus, the chemically treated solid oxide activator support is considered to exhibit an “activating” function, regardless of whether it is ionizes the metallocene, abstracts an anionic ligand to form an ion pair, weakens the metal-ligand bond in the metallocene, simply coordinates to an anionic ligand when it contacts the activator-support, or any other mechanisms by which ionizing, polarizing, or bond weakening might occur. In preparing the metallocene-based catalyst composition of this invention, the chemically treated solid oxide is typically used along with a component that provides an activatable ligand such as an alkyl or hydride ligand to the metallocene, including but not limited to at least one organoaluminum compound, when the metallocene compound does not already comprise such a ligand.

In still another aspect, the chemically treated solid oxide of this invention comprises a solid inorganic oxide material, a mixed oxide material, or a combination of inorganic oxide materials, that is chemically treated with an electron-withdrawing component, and optionally treated with at least one other metal ion. Thus, the solid oxide of this invention encompasses oxide materials such as alumina, “mixed oxide” compounds such as silica-alumina or silica-zirconia or silica-titania, and combinations and mixtures thereof. The mixed metal oxide compounds such as silica-alumina, with more than one metal combined with oxygen to form a solid oxide compound, can be made by co-gellation, impregnation or chemical deposition, and are encompassed by this invention.

In yet another aspect of this invention, the activator-support further comprises a metal or metal ion such as zinc, nickel, vanadium, silver, copper, gallium, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, or any combination thereof. Examples of activator-supports that further comprise a metal or metal ion include, but are not limited to, zinc-impregnated chlorided alumina, zinc-impregnated fluorided alumina, zinc-impregnated chlorided silica-alumina, zinc-impregnated fluorided silica-alumina, zinc-impregnated sulfated alumina, or any combination thereof.

In another aspect, the chemically treated solid oxide activator-support of this invention comprises a solid oxide of relatively high porosity, which exhibits Lewis acidic or Brønsted acidic behavior. The solid oxide is chemically treated with an electron-withdrawing component, typically an electron-withdrawing anion, to form an activator-support. While not intending to be bound by the following statement, it is believed that treatment of the inorganic oxide with an electron-withdrawing component augments or enhances the acidity of the oxide. Thus, the chemically treated solid oxide exhibits Lewis or Brønsted acidity which is typically greater than the Lewis or Brønsted acidity of the untreated solid oxide. One method to quantify the acidity of the chemically treated and untreated solid oxide materials is by comparing the polymerization activities of the treated and untreated oxides under acid catalyzed reactions.

In one aspect, the chemically-treated solid oxide comprises a solid inorganic oxide comprising oxygen and at least one element selected from Group 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 of the periodic table, or comprising oxygen and at least one element selected from the lanthanide or actinide elements. (See: Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11^(th) Ed., John Wiley & Sons; 1995; Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G.; Murillo; C. A.; and Bochmann; M. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6^(th) Ed., Wiley-Interscience, 1999.) Usually, the inorganic oxide comprises oxygen and at least one element selected from Al, B, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, La, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sb, Si, Sn, Sr, Th, Ti, V, W, P, Y, Zn or Zr.

Suitable examples of solid oxide materials or compounds that can be used in the chemically-treated solid oxide of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Al₂O₃, B₂O₃, BeO, Bi₂O₃, CdO, Co₃O₄, Cr₂O₃, CuO, Fe₂O₃, Ga₂O₃, La₂O₃, Mn₂O₃, MoO₃, NiO, P₂O₅, Sb₂O₅, SiO₂, SnO₂, SrO, ThO₂, TiO₂, V₂O₅, WO₃, Y₂O₃, ZnO, ZrO₂, and the like, including mixed oxides thereof, and combinations thereof. Examples of mixed oxides that can be used in the activator-support of the present invention include, but are not limited to, mixed oxides of any combination of Al, B, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, La, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Sb, Si, Sn, Sr, Th, Ti, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr, and the like. Examples of mixed oxides that can be used in the activator-support of the present invention also include, but are not limited to, silica-alumina, silica-titania, silica-zirconia, zeolites, many clay minerals, pillared clays, alumina-titania, alumina-zirconia, aluminophosphate, and the like.

In a further aspect of this invention, the solid oxide material is chemically treated by contacting it with at least one electron-withdrawing component, typically an electron-withdrawing anion source. Further, the solid oxide material is optionally chemically-treated with at least one other metal ion, that can be the same as or different from any metal element that constitutes the solid oxide material, then calcining to form a metal-containing or metal-impregnated chemically-treated solid oxide. Alternatively, a solid oxide material and an electron-withdrawing anion source are contacted and calcined simultaneously. The method by which the oxide is contacted with an electron-withdrawing component, typically a salt or an acid of an electron-withdrawing anion, includes, but is not limited to, gelling, co-gelling, impregnation of one compound onto another, and the like. Typically, following any contacting method, the contacted mixture of oxide compound, electron-withdrawing anion, and optionally the metal ion is calcined.

The electron-withdrawing component used to treat the oxide can be any component that increases the Lewis or Brønsted acidity of the solid oxide upon treatment. In one aspect, the electron-withdrawing component is typically an electron-withdrawing anion derived from a salt, an acid, or other compound such as a volatile organic compound that can serve as a source or precursor for that anion. Examples of electron-withdrawing anions include, but are not limited to, fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, phosphate, triflate, bisulfate, sulfate, fluoroborate, fluorosulfate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, fluorophosphate, fluorozirconate, fluorosilicate, fluorotitanate, substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfonate, substituted or unsubstituted arenesulfonate, and the like, including any mixtures and combinations thereof. In addition, other ionic or non-ionic compounds that serve as sources for these electron-withdrawing anions can also be employed in the present invention. In one aspect, the chemically treated solid oxide comprises a sulfated solid oxide, and in another aspect, the chemically treated oxide comprises sulfated alumina.

As used herein, the term alkanesulfonate refers to anions having the general formula [R^(B)SO₂O]⁻, wherein R^(B) is a linear or branched alkyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, that is optionally substituted with at least one group selected independently from F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OMe, OEt, OCF₃, Ph, xylyl, mesityl, or OPh. Thus, the alkanesulfonate may be referred to as a substituted or an unsubstituted alkanesulfonate. In one aspect, the alkyl group of the alkanesulfonate can have up to 12 carbon atoms. In another aspect, the alkyl group of the alkanesulfonate can have up to 8 carbon atoms, or up to 6 carbon atoms. In yet another aspect, examples of alkanesulfonates include, but are not limited to, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, 1-propanesulfonate, 2-propanesulfonate, 3-methylbutanesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, trichloromethanesulfonate, chloromethanesulfonate, 1-hydroxyethanesulfonate, 2-hydroxy-2-propanesulfonate, 1-methoxy-2-propanesulfonate, and the like.

Also as used herein, the term arenesulfonate refers to anions having the general formula [Ar^(A)SO₂O]⁻, wherein Ar^(A) is an aryl group having up to 14 carbon atoms, that is optionally substituted with at least one group selected independently from F, Cl, Br, I, Me, Et, Pr, Bu, OH, OMe, OEt, OPr, OBu, OCF₃, Ph, or OPh. Thus, the arenesulfonate may be referred to as a substituted or an unsubstituted arenesulfonate. In one aspect, the aryl group of the arenesulfonate can have up to 10 carbon atoms. In another aspect, the aryl group of the arenesulfonate can have 6 carbon atoms. In yet another aspect, examples of arenesulfonates include, but are not limited to, benzenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, m-toluenesulfonate, 3,5-xylenesulfonate, trifluoromethoxybenzenesulfonate, trichloromethoxybenzenesulfonate, trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonate, trichloromethylbenzenesulfonate, fluorobenzenesulfonate, chlorobenzenesulfonate, 1-hydroxyethanebenzenesulfonate, 3-fluoro-4-methoxybenzenesulfonate, and the like.

When the electron-withdrawing component comprises a salt of an electron-withdrawing anion, the counterion or cation of that salt can be any cation that allows the salt to revert or decompose back to the acid during calcining. Factors that dictate the suitability of the particular salt to serve as a source for the electron-withdrawing anion include, but are not limited to, the solubility of the salt in the desired solvent, the lack of adverse reactivity of the cation, ion-pairing effects between the cation and anion, hygroscopic properties imparted to the salt by the cation, and the like, and thermal stability of the anion. Examples of suitable cations in the salt of the electron-withdrawing anion include, but are not limited to, ammonium, trialkyl ammonium, tetraalkyl ammonium, tetraalkyl phosphonium, H⁺, [H(OEt₂)₂]⁺, and the like.

Further, combinations of one or more different electron withdrawing anions, in varying proportions, can be used to tailor the specific acidity of the activator-support to the desired level. Combinations of electron withdrawing components can be contacted with the oxide material simultaneously or individually, and any order that affords the desired activator-support acidity. For example, one aspect of this invention is employing two or more electron-withdrawing anion source compounds in two or more separate contacting steps. Thus, one example of such a process by which an activator-support is prepared is as follows. A selected solid oxide compound, or combination of oxide compounds, is contacted with a first electron-withdrawing anion source compound to form a first mixture, this first mixture is then calcined, the calcined first mixture is then contacted with a second electron-withdrawing anion source compound to form a second mixture, followed by calcining said second mixture to form a treated solid oxide compound. In such a process, the first and second electron-withdrawing anion source compounds are typically different compounds, although they can be the same compound.

In one aspect of the invention, the solid oxide activator-support is produced by a process comprising:

1) contacting a solid oxide compound with at least one electron-withdrawing anion source compound to form a first mixture; and

2) calcining the first mixture to form the solid oxide activator-support.

In another aspect of this invention, the solid oxide activator-support is produced by a process comprising:

1) contacting at least one solid oxide compound with a first electron-withdrawing anion source compound to form a first mixture; and

2) calcining the first mixture to produce a calcined first mixture;

3) contacting the calcined first mixture with a second electron-withdrawing anion source compound to form a second mixture; and

4) calcining the second mixture to form the solid oxide activator-support. Thus, the solid oxide activator-support is sometimes referred to simply as a treated solid oxide compound.

Another aspect of this invention producing or forming the solid oxide activator-support by contacting at least one solid oxide with at least one electron-withdrawing anion source compound, wherein the at least one solid oxide compound is calcined before, during or after contacting the electron-withdrawing anion source, and wherein there is a substantial absence of aluminoxanes and organoborates.

In one aspect of this invention, once the solid oxide has been treated and dried, can be subsequently calcined. Calcining of the treated solid oxide is generally conducted in an ambient or inert atmosphere, typically in a dry ambient atmosphere, at a temperature from about 200° C. to about 900° C., and for a time of about 1 minute to about 100 hours. In another aspect, calcining is conducted at a temperature from about 300° C. to about 800° C. and in another aspect, calcining is conducted at a temperature from about 400° C. to about 700° C. In yet another aspect, calcining is conducted from about 1 hour to about 50 hours, and in another aspect calcining is conducted, from about 3 hours to about 20 hours. In still another aspect, calcining can be carried out from about 1 to about 10 hours at a temperature from about 350° C. to about 550° C.

Further, any type of suitable ambient can be used during calcining. Generally, calcining is conducted in an oxidizing atmosphere, such as air. Alternatively, an inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen or argon, or a reducing atmosphere such as hydrogen or carbon monoxide, can be used.

In another aspect of the invention, the solid oxide component used to prepare the chemically treated solid oxide has a pore volume greater than about 0.1 cc/g. In another aspect, the solid oxide component has a pore volume greater than about 0.5 cc/g, and in yet another aspect, greater than about 1.0 cc/g. In still another aspect, the solid oxide component has a surface area from about 100 to about 1000 m²/g. In another aspect, solid oxide component has a surface area from about 200 to about 800 m²/g, and in still another aspect, from about 250 to about 600 m²/g.

The solid oxide material can be treated with a source of halide ion or sulfate ion, or a combination of anions, and optionally treated with at least one metal ion, then calcined to provide the activator-support in the form of a particulate solid. In one aspect, the solid oxide material is treated with a source of sulfate, termed a sulfating agent, a source of chloride ion, termed a chloriding agent, a source of fluoride ion, termed a fluoriding agent, or a combination thereof, and calcined to provide the solid oxide activator. In another aspect, useful activator-supports include, but are not limited to: bromided alumina; chlorided alumina; fluorided alumina; sulfated alumina; bromided silica-alumina, chlorided silica-alumina; fluorided silica-alumina; sulfated silica-alumina; bromided silica-zirconia, chlorided silica-zirconia; fluorided silica-zirconia; sulfated silica-zirconia; chlorided zinc-alumina, triflate treated silica-alumina, a pillared clay such as a pillared montmorillonite, optionally treated with fluoride, chloride, or sulfate; phosphated alumina, or other aluminophosphates, optionally treated with sulfate, fluoride, or chloride; or any combination thereof. Further, any of the activator-supports can optionally be treated with at least one other metal ion, typically from a metal salt or compound, wherein the metal ion can be the same as or different from any metal that makes up the solid oxide material.

In one aspect of this invention, the chemically treated solid oxide activator-support comprises a fluorided solid oxide in the form of a particulate solid, thus a source of fluoride ion is added to the oxide by treatment with a fluoriding agent. In still another aspect, fluoride ion can be added to the oxide by forming a slurry of the oxide in a suitable solvent such as alcohol or water, including, but are not limited to, the one to three carbon alcohols because of their volatility and low surface tension. Examples of fluoriding agents that can be used in this invention include, but are not limited to, hydrofluoric acid (HF), ammonium fluoride (NH₄F), ammonium bifluoride (NH₄HF₂), ammonium tetrafluoroborate (NH₄BF₄), ammonium silicofluoride (hexafluorosilicate) ((NH₄)₂SiF₆), ammonium hexafluorophosphate (NH₄PF₆), tetrafluoroboric acid (HBF₄), ammonium hexafluorotitanate (NH₄)₂TiF₆, ammonium hexafluorozirconate (NH₄)₂ZrF₆, analogs thereof, and combinations thereof. For example, ammonium bifluoride NH₄HF₂ can be used as the fluoriding agent, due to its ease of use and ready availability.

In another aspect of the present invention, the solid oxide can be treated with a fluoriding agent during the calcining step. Any fluoriding agent capable of thoroughly contacting the solid oxide during the calcining step can be used. For example, in addition to those fluoriding agents described previously, volatile organic fluoriding agents can be used. Examples of volatile organic fluoriding agents useful in this aspect of the invention include, but are not limited to, freons, perfluorohexane, perfluorobenzene, fluoromethane, trifluoroethanol, and combinations thereof. Gaseous hydrogen fluoride or fluorine itself can also be used with the solid oxide is fluorided during calcining. One convenient method of contacting the solid oxide with the fluoriding agent is to vaporize a fluoriding agent into a gas stream used to fluidize the solid oxide during calcination.

Similarly, in another aspect of this invention, the chemically treated solid oxide can comprise a chlorided solid oxide in the form of a particulate solid, thus a source of chloride ion is added to the oxide by treatment with a chloriding agent. The chloride ion can be added to the oxide by forming a slurry of the oxide in a suitable solvent. In another aspect of the present invention, the solid oxide can be treated with a chloriding agent during the calcining step. Any chloriding agent capable of serving as a source of chloride and thoroughly contacting the oxide during the calcining step can be used. For example, volatile organic chloriding agents can be used. Examples of volatile organic chloriding agents useful in this aspect of the invention include, but are not limited to, certain freons, perchlorobenzene, chloromethane, dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethanol, or any combination thereof. Gaseous hydrogen chloride or chlorine itself can also be used with the solid oxide during calcining. One convenient method of contacting the oxide with the chloriding agent is to vaporize a chloriding agent into a gas stream used to fluidize the solid oxide during calcination.

When the activator is a chemically treated solid oxide, the electron withdrawing anion can be typically added to the solid oxide in an amount greater than about 1% by weight of the solid oxide. In another aspect the electron withdrawing anion can be added to the solid oxide in an amount greater than about 2% by weight of the solid oxide, greater than about 3% by weight of the solid oxide, greater than about 5% by weight of the solid oxide, or greater than about 7% by weight of the solid oxide.

In one aspect, the amount of electron-withdrawing ion, for example fluoride or chloride ion, present before calcining the solid oxide is generally from about 2 to about 50% by weight, where the weight percents are based on the weight of the solid oxide, for example silica-alumina, before calcining. In another aspect, the amount of electron-withdrawing ion, for example fluoride or chloride ion, present before calcining the solid oxide is from about 3 to about 25% by weight, and in another aspect, from about 4 to about 20% by weight. When halide ion is used as the electron-withdrawing anion, it is used in an amount sufficient to deposit, after calcining, from about 0.1% to about 50% by weight halide ion relative to the weight of the solid oxide. In another aspect, halide is used in an amount sufficient to deposit, after calcining, from about 0.5% to about 40% by weight halide ion relative to the weight of the solid oxide, or from about 1% to about 30% by weight halide ion relative to the weight of the solid oxide. If the fluoride or chloride ion is added during calcining, such as when calcined in the presence of CCl₄, there is typically no, or only trace levels, of fluoride or chloride ion in the solid oxide before calcining. Once impregnated with halide, the halided oxide can be dried by any method known in the art including, but not limited to, suction filtration followed by evaporation, drying under vacuum, spray drying, and the like, although it is also possible to initiate the calcining step immediately without drying the impregnated solid oxide.

The silica-alumina used to prepare the treated silica-alumina can have a pore volume greater than about 0.5 cc/g. In one aspect, the pore volume can be greater than about 0.8 cc/g, and in another aspect, the pore volume can be greater than about 1.0 cc/g. Further, the silica-alumina can have a surface area greater than about 100 m²/g. In one aspect, the surface area is greater than about 250 m²/g, and in another aspect, the surface area can be greater than about 350 m²/g. Generally, the silica-alumina of this invention has an alumina content from about 5 to about 95%. In one aspect, the alumina content of the silica-alumina can be from about 5 to about 50%, and in another aspect, the alumina content of the silica-alumina can be from about 8% to about 30% alumina by weight.

The sulfated solid oxide comprises sulfate and a solid oxide component such as alumina or silica-alumina, in the form of a particulate solid. Optionally, the sulfated oxide is further treated with a metal ion such that the calcined sulfated oxide comprises a metal. In one aspect, the sulfated solid oxide comprises sulfate and alumina. In one aspect of this invention, the sulfated alumina is formed by a process wherein the alumina is treated with a sulfate source, including for example, but not limited to, sulfuric acid or a sulfate salt such as ammonium sulfate, zinc sulfate, aluminum sulfate, nickel sulfate or copper sulfate. In one aspect, this process can be performed by forming a slurry of the alumina in a suitable solvent such as alcohol or water, in which the desired concentration of the sulfating agent has been added. Suitable organic solvents include, but are not limited to, the one to three carbon alcohols because of their volatility and low surface tension.

In this aspect, the amount of sulfate ion present before calcining is generally from about 1% to about 50% by weight, from about 2% to about 30% by weight, of from about 5% to about 25% by weight, where the weight percents are based on the weight of the solid oxide before calcining. Once impregnated with sulfate, the sulfated oxide can be dried by any method known in the art including, but not limited to, suction filtration followed by evaporation, drying under vacuum, spray drying, and the like, although it is also possible to initiate the calcining step immediately.

In addition to being treated with an electron-withdrawing component such as halide or sulfate ion, the solid inorganic oxide of this invention can optionally be treated with a metal source, including metal salts or metal-containing compounds. In one aspect of the invention, these compounds can be added to or impregnated onto the solid oxide in solution form, and subsequently converted into the supported metal upon calcining. Accordingly, the solid inorganic oxide can further comprise a metal selected from zinc, nickel, vanadium, silver, copper, gallium, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, or a combination thereof. For example, zinc can be used to impregnate the solid oxide because it provides good catalyst activity and low cost. The solid oxide can be treated with metal salts or metal-containing compounds before, after, or at the same time that the solid oxide is treated with the electron-withdrawing anion.

Further, any method of impregnating the solid oxide material with a metal can be used. The method by which the oxide is contacted with a metal source, typically a salt or metal-containing compound, includes, but is not limited to, gelling, co-gelling, impregnation of one compound onto another, and the like. Following any contacting method, the contacted mixture of oxide compound, electron-withdrawing anion, and the metal ion is typically calcined. Alternatively, a solid oxide material, an electron-withdrawing anion source, and the metal salt or metal-containing compound are contacted and calcined simultaneously.

In another aspect, the ansa-metallocene compound can be contacted with an olefin monomer and an organoaluminum cocatalyst for a first period of time prior to contacting this mixture with the acidic activator-support. Once the precontacted mixture of metallocene, monomer, and component that provides an activatable ligand to the metallocene, including but not limited to an organoaluminum cocatalyst, is contacted with the acidic activator-support, the composition further comprising the acidic activator-support is termed the “postcontacted” mixture. The postcontacted mixture can be allowed to remain in further contact for a second period of time prior to being charged into the reactor in which the polymerization process will be carried out.

Various processes to prepare solid oxide activator-supports that can be employed in this invention have been reported. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,107,230, 6,165,929, 6,294,494, 6,300,271, 6,316,553, 6,355,594, 6,376,415, 6,391,816, 6,395,666, 6,524,987, and 6,548,441, describe such methods, each of which is incorporated by reference herein, in its entirety.

Ion-Exchangeable Activator-Supports and Layered Mineral Activator-Supports

In one aspect of this invention, the activator-support used in preparing the catalyst compositions of this invention can comprise an ion-exchangeable activator-support, including but not limited to silicate and aluminosilicate compounds or minerals, either with layered or non-layered structures, and any combination thereof. In another aspect of this invention, ion-exchangeable, layered aluminosilicates such as pillared clays can be used as activator-supports. When the acidic activator-support comprises an ion-exchangeable activator-support, it can optionally be treated with at least one electron-withdrawing anion such as those disclosed herein, though typically the ion-exchangeable activator-support is not treated with an electron-withdrawing anion.

In one aspect, the activator-support of this invention can comprise clay minerals having exchangeable cations and layers capable of expanding. Typical clay mineral activator-supports include, but are not limited to, ion-exchangeable, layered aluminosilicates such as pillared clays. Although the term “support” is used, it is not meant to be construed as an inert component of the catalyst composition, but rather is to be considered an active part of the catalyst composition, because of its intimate association with the ansa-metallocene and the component that provides an activatable ligand to the metallocene, such as an organoaluminum. While not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that the ion exchangeable activator-support serves as an insoluble reactant that reacts with the ansa-metallocene and organoaluminum components to form a catalyst composition used to produce polymer.

In one aspect, the clay materials of this invention encompass materials either in their natural state or that have been treated with various ions by wetting, ion exchange, or pillaring. Typically, the clay material activator-support of this invention comprises clays that have been ion exchanged with large cations, including polynuclear, highly charged metal complex cations. However, the clay material activator-supports of this invention also encompass clays that have been ion exchanged with simple salts, including, but not limited to, salts of Al(III), Fe(II), Fe(III) and Zn(II) with ligands such as halide, acetate, sulfate, nitrate, or nitrite.

In one aspect, the clay activator-support of this invention comprises pillared clays. The term pillared clays is used to refer to clay materials that have been ion exchanged with large, typically polynuclear, highly charged metal complex cations. Examples of such ions include, but are not limited to, Keggin ions which can have charges such as 7+, various polyoxometallates, and other large ions. Thus, the term pillaring refers to a simple exchange reaction in which the exchangeable cations of a clay material are replaced with large, highly charged ions, such as Keggin ions. These polymeric cations are then immobilized within the interlayers of the clay and when calcined are converted to metal oxide “pillars,” effectively supporting the clay layers as column-like structures. Thus, once the clay is dried and calcined to produce the supporting pillars between clay layers, the expanded lattice structure is maintained and the porosity is enhanced. The resulting pores can vary in shape and size as a function of the pillaring material and the parent clay material used. Examples of pillaring and pillared clays are found in: T. J. Pinnavaia, Science 220 (4595), 365-371 (1983); J. M. Thomas, Intercalation Chemistry, (S. Whittington and A. Jacobson, eds.) Ch. 3, pp. 55-99, Academic Press, Inc., (1972); U.S. Pat. No. 4,452,910; U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,611; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,060,480; each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

The pillaring process utilizes clay minerals having exchangeable cations and layers capable of expanding. Any pillared clay that can enhance the polymerization of olefins in the catalyst composition of the present invention can be used. Therefore, suitable clay minerals for pillaring include, but are not limited to: allophanes; smectites, both dioctahedral (Al) and tri-octahedral (Mg) and derivatives thereof such as montmorillonites (bentonites), nontronites, hectorites, or laponites; halloysites; vermiculites; micas; fluoromicas; chlorites; mixed-layer clays; the fibrous clays including but not limited to sepiolites, attapulgites, and palygorskites; a serpentine clay; illite; laponite; saponite; or any combination thereof. In one aspect, the pillared clay activator-support comprises bentonite or montmorillonite, noting that the principal component of bentonite is montmorillonite.

The pillared clay can be pretreated in the present invention. For example, in one embodiment, a pillared bentonite was pretreated by drying at about 300° C. under an inert atmosphere, typically dry nitrogen, for about 3 hours, before being added to the polymerization reactor. This example of a pretreatment is not limiting, because preheating steps such as this many be carried out at many other temperatures and times, including a combination of temperature and time steps, all of which are encompassed by this invention.

The ion-exchangeable activator-supports such as pillared clays used to prepare the catalyst compositions of this invention can be combined with other inorganic support materials, including, but are not limited to, zeolites, inorganic oxides, phosphated inorganic oxides, and the like. In one aspect, typical support materials that can be used in this regard include, but are not limited to, silica, silica-alumina, alumina, titania, zirconia, magnesia, boria, fluorided alumina, silated alumina, thoria, aluminophosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc aluminate, phosphated silica, phosphated alumina, silica-titania, coprecipitated silica/titania, fluorided/silated alumina, and any combination or mixture thereof.

The amount of ansa-metallocene compound in relation to the ion-exchangeable activator-support used to prepare the catalyst composition of this invention is typically from about 0.1 wt % to about 15 wt % ansa-metallocene complex, based on the weight of the activator-support component (not based on the final metallocene-clay mixture). It was also found that from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt % ansa-metallocene works well to afford a catalyst that operates at desired activities.

The mixture of ansa-metallocene and clay activator-support can be contacted and mixed for any length of time to allow thorough contact between the ansa-metallocene and activator-support. Sufficient deposition of the metallocene component on the clay can be achieved without heating a mixture of clay and metallocene complex. For example, the ansa-metallocene compound and the clay material are simply mixed from about room temperature to about 200° F. in order to achieve the deposition of the ansa-metallocene on the clay activator-support. In another aspect, the ansa-metallocene compound and the clay material are mixed from about 100° F. to about 180° F. in order to achieve the deposition of the ansa-metallocene on the clay activator-support.

In another aspect, the present invention encompasses catalyst compositions comprising an acidic activator-support, which can comprise a layered mineral. The term “layered mineral” is used herein to describe materials such as clay minerals, pillared clays, ion-exchanged clays, exfoliated clays, exfoliated clays gelled into another oxide matrix, layered minerals mixed or diluted with other materials, and the like, or any combination thereof. When the acidic activator-support comprises a layered mineral, it can optionally be treated with at least one electron-withdrawing anion such as those disclosed herein, though typically the layered mineral is not treated with an electron-withdrawing anion. For example, at least one clay mineral can be used as the activator-support.

Clay minerals generally include the large group of finely-crystalline, sheet-like layered minerals that are found in nature in fine-grained sediments, sedimentary rocks, and the like, and which constitute a class of hydrous silicate and aluminosilicate minerals with sheet-like structures and very high surface areas. This term is also used to describe hydrous magnesium silicates with a phyllosilicate structure. Examples of clay minerals that can be used in this invention include, but are not limited to, allophanes; smectites, both dioctahedral (Al) and tri-octahedral (Mg) and derivatives thereof such as montmorillonites (bentonites), nontronites, hectorites, or laponites; halloysites; vermiculites; micas; fluoromicas; chlorites; mixed-layer clays; the fibrous clays including but not limited to sepiolites, attapulgites, and palygorskites; a serpentine clay; illite; laponite; saponite; or any combination thereof. Many common clay minerals belong to the kaolinite, montmorillonite, or illite groups of clays. Pillared clays can also be used as the activator-support of this invention, as disclosed herein. Pillared clays comprise clay minerals, typically of the of the smectite group and other phyllosilicates in addition to sepiolites and palygorskites, that have been ion exchanged with large, typically polynuclear, highly charged metal complex cations.

In one aspect of this invention, when layered minerals are used as activator-supports or metallocene activators, the layered minerals are typically calcined prior to their use as activators. Typical calcination temperatures can range from about 100° C. to about 700° C., from about 150° C. to about 500° C., or from about 200° C. to about 400° C.

Organoaluminoxane Activators and Optional Organoaluminoxane Co-catalysts

In one aspect, the present invention provides a catalyst composition comprising, or a catalyst composition comprising the contact product of, at least ansa-metallocene; optionally, at least one organoaluminum compound; and at least one activator, wherein the activator can be selected independently from:

i) an activator-support selected from a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion, a layered mineral, an ion-exchangeable activator-support, or any combination thereof;

iii) at least one organoboron or organoborate compound; or

iii) any combination thereof.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a catalyst composition comprising, or a catalyst composition comprising the contact product of, at least ansa-metallocene; optionally, at least one organoaluminum compound; at least one activator; and optionally, at least one organoaluminoxane co-catalyst; wherein the activator can be selected independently from the activators provided immediately above. Thus, in this aspect, this invention provides a catalyst composition comprising the contact product of at least one ansa-metallocene; at least one organoaluminum compound; at least one activator-support comprising a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion; and optionally, an aluminoxane cocatalyst. However, in one aspect, the catalyst composition of this invention can be substantially free of aluminoxanes, and in another aspect, the catalyst composition of this invention has polymerization activity in the substantial absence of aluminoxanes.

Thus, organoaluminoxane compounds can serve as activators, either alone or in combination with other activators disclosed herein, and either alone or in combination with the at least one organoaluminum compounds. When the organoaluminoxane compounds are used as activators, they can be used in the absence of the optional organoaluminum compounds. When the organoaluminoxane compounds are used in combination with other activators disclosed herein, the organoaluminoxanes are typically referred to as organoaluminoxane co-catalysts.

Aluminoxanes are also referred to as poly(hydrocarbyl aluminum oxides) or organoaluminoxanes. The other catalyst components are typically contacted with the aluminoxane in a saturated hydrocarbon compound solvent, though any solvent which is substantially inert to the reactants, intermediates, and products of the activation step can be used. The catalyst composition formed in this manner can be collected by methods known to those of skill in the art, including but not limited to filtration, or the catalyst composition can be introduced into the polymerization reactor without being isolated.

In one aspect, the aluminoxane compound of this invention is an oligomeric aluminum compound, wherein the aluminoxane compound can comprise linear structures, cyclic, or cage structures, or typically mixtures of all three. Cyclic aluminoxane compounds having the formula:

R is a linear or branched alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and n is an integer from 3 to about 10 are encompassed by this invention. The (AlRO)_(n) moiety shown here also constitutes the repeating unit in a linear aluminoxane. Thus, linear aluminoxanes having the formula:

R is a linear or branched alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and n is an integer from 1 to about 50, are also encompassed by this invention.

Further, aluminoxanes can also have cage structures of the formula R^(t) _(5m+α)R^(b) _(m−α)Al_(4m)O_(3m), wherein m is 3 or 4 and α is=n_(Al(3))−n_(O(2))+n_(O(4)); wherein n_(Al(3)) is the number of three coordinate aluminum atoms, n_(O(2)) is the number of two coordinate oxygen atoms, n_(O(4)) is the number of 4 coordinate oxygen atoms, R^(t) represents a terminal alkyl group, and R^(b) represents a bridging alkyl group; wherein R is a linear or branched alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

Thus, aluminoxanes can be represented generally by formulas such as (R—Al—O)_(n), R(R—Al—O)_(n)AlR₂, and the like, wherein the R group is typically a linear or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl wherein n typically represents an integer from 1 to about 50. In one embodiment, the aluminoxane compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, methylaluminoxane, ethylaluminoxane, n-propylaluminoxane, iso-propyl-aluminoxane, n-butylaluminoxane, t-butylaluminoxane, sec-butylaluminoxane, iso-butylaluminoxane, 1-pentylaluminoxane, 2-pentylaluminoxane, 3-pentylaluminoxane, iso-pentylaluminoxane, neopentylaluminoxane, or combinations thereof.

While organoaluminoxanes with different types of R groups are encompassed by the present invention, methyl aluminoxane (MAO), ethyl aluminoxane, or isobutyl aluminoxane are typical optional cocatalysts used in the catalyst compositions of this invention. These aluminoxanes are prepared from trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, or triisobutylaluminum, respectively, and are sometimes referred to as poly(methyl aluminum oxide), poly(ethyl aluminum oxide), and poly(isobutyl aluminum oxide), respectively. It is also within the scope of the invention to use an aluminoxane in combination with a trialkylaluminum, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,794,096.

The present invention contemplates many values of n in the aluminoxane formulas (R—Al—O)_(n) and R(R—Al—O)_(n)AlR₂, and typically n is at least about 3. However, depending upon how the organoaluminoxane is prepared, stored, and used, the value of n can be variable within a single sample of aluminoxane, and such a combination of organoaluminoxanes are comprised in the methods and compositions of the present invention.

In preparing the catalyst composition of this invention comprising an aluminoxane activator or co-catalyst, the molar ratio of the aluminum in the aluminoxane to the metallocene in the composition is usually from about 1:10 to about 100,000:1. In one another aspect, the molar ratio of the aluminum in the aluminoxane to the metallocene in the composition is usually from about 5:1 to about 15,000:1. The amount of optional aluminoxane added to a polymerization zone is an amount within a range of about 0.01 mg/L to about 1000 mg/L, from about 0.1 mg/L to about 100 mg/L, or from about 1 mg/L to about 50 mg/L.

Organoaluminoxanes can be prepared by various procedures which are well known in the art. Examples of organoaluminoxane preparations are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,242,099 and 4,808,561. One example of how an aluminoxane can be prepared is as follows. Water, which is dissolved in an inert organic solvent, can be reacted with an aluminum alkyl compound such as AlR₃ to form the desired organoaluminoxane compound. While not intending to be bound by this statement, it is believed that this synthetic method can afford a mixture of both linear and cyclic (R—Al—O)_(n) aluminoxane species, both of which are encompassed by this invention. Alternatively, organoaluminoxanes can be prepared by reacting an aluminum alkyl compound such as AlR₃ with a hydrated salt, such as hydrated copper sulfate, in an inert organic solvent.

Organoboron and Organoborate Activators

As provided herein, in one aspect, the present invention provides a catalyst composition comprising, or a catalyst composition comprising the contact product of, at least one ansa-metallocene; optionally, at least one organoaluminum compound; and at least one activator. The activator can be selected independently from: at least one activator-support as provided herein; at least one organoaluminoxane compound; at least one organoboron or organoborate compound; or any combination thereof. Accordingly, in one aspect of the present invention the at least one activator can be selected from at least one organoboron compound, at least one organoborate compound, or a combination thereof.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a catalyst composition comprising the contact product of at least one ansa-metallocene; at least one organoaluminum compound; at least one activator-support comprising a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion; and optionally, an organoboron or organoborate cocatalyst. In another aspect, the present invention provides a catalyst composition comprising the contact product of: at least one ansa-metallocene; an organoboron or organoborate cocatalyst; an organoaluminum compound; and optionally, an activator-support. In this aspect, the catalyst composition is not required to comprise an activator-support. Any ansa-metallocene compound disclosed herein can be combined with any of the organoboron or organoborate cocatalysts disclosed herein, or any combination of organoboron or organoborate cocatalysts disclosed herein, along with a component that provides an activatable ligand such as an alkyl or hydride ligand to the metallocene, when the metallocene compounds do not already comprise such a ligand, such as an organoaluminum compound; to form a catalyst composition. Further, any combination of ansa-metallocene compounds disclosed herein can be combined with any an organoboron or organoborate cocatalyst; an organoaluminum compound; optionally, at least one aluminoxane; and optionally, an activator-support; to form a catalyst composition of this invention. However, in one aspect, the catalyst composition of this invention is substantially free of organoboron or organoborate compounds, and in another aspect, the catalyst composition of this invention have polymerization activity in the substantial absence of organoboron or organoborate compounds.

In one aspect, as provided herein, the term “organoboron” compound can be used to refer to neutral boron compounds, borate salts, or combinations thereof. For example, the organoboron compounds of this invention can be selected from, or can comprise, a fluoroorgano boron compound, a fluoroorgano borate compound, or a combination thereof. Any fluoroorgano boron or fluoroorgano borate compound known in the art can be utilized. The term fluoroorgano boron compounds has its usual meaning to refer to neutral compounds of the form BY₃. The term fluoroorgano borate compound also has its usual meaning to refer to the monoanionic salts of a fluoroorgano boron compound of the form [cation]⁺[BY₄]⁻, where Y represents a fluorinated organic group. For convenience, fluoroorgano boron and fluoroorgano borate compounds are included in any reference to organoboron compounds, or individually by either name as the context requires.

Examples of fluoroorgano borate compounds that can be used as cocatalysts in the present invention include, but are not limited to, fluorinated aryl borates such as, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, and the like, including mixtures thereof. Examples of fluoroorgano boron compounds that can be used as cocatalysts in the present invention include, but are not limited to, tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron, tris[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]boron, and the like, including mixtures thereof.

Although not intending to be bound by the following theory, these examples of fluoroorgano borate and fluoroorgano boron compounds, and related compounds, are thought to form “weakly-coordinating” anions when combined with organometal compounds, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,919,983.

Generally, any amount of organoboron compound can be utilized in this invention. In one aspect, the molar ratio of the organoboron compound to the metallocene compound in the composition is from about 0.1:1 to about 10:1. Typically, the amount of the fluoroorgano boron or fluoroorgano borate compound used as a cocatalyst for the metallocene is in a range of from about 0.5 mole to about 10 moles of boron compound per mole of metallocene compound. In one aspect, the amount of fluoroorgano boron or fluoroorgano borate compound used as a cocatalyst for the metallocene is in a range of from about 0.8 mole to about 5 moles of boron compound per mole of metallocene compound.

Non-Limiting Examples of the Catalyst Composition

Examples of the catalyst composition of this invention include, but are not limited to the following. In one aspect or non-limiting example, the catalyst composition can comprise, or the catalyst composition can comprise the contact product of, at least one ansa-metallocene, at least one organoaluminum compound, and at least one activator-support, wherein:

a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula:

or a combination thereof, wherein

-   -   M¹ and M² are independently zirconium or hafnium;     -   X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, and X¹⁰ are independently F, Cl, Br, I, H, BH₄,         methyl, phenyl, or benzyl;     -   R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ are independently an alkyl group         or an aryl group, any of which having up to 10 carbon atoms, or         hydrogen; and     -   n, in each occurrence, is an integer from 0 to 7, inclusive;

b) the at least one organoaluminum compound comprises trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tripropylaluminum, tributylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, trihexylaluminum, triisohexylaluminum, trioctylaluminum, diethylaluminum ethoxide, diisobutylaluminum hydride, diethylaluminum chloride, or any combination thereof, and

c) the at least one activator comprises a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion, wherein

-   -   the solid oxide is silica, alumina, silica-alumina,         aluminophosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc aluminate,         heteropolytungstates, titania, zirconia, magnesia, boria, zinc         oxide, mixed oxides thereof, or any combination thereof; and     -   the electron-withdrawing anion is fluoride, chloride, bromide,         iodide, phosphate, triflate, bisulfate, sulfate, fluoroborate,         fluorosulfate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, fluorophosphate,         fluorozirconate, fluorosilicate, fluorotitanate, substituted or         unsubstituted alkanesulfonate, substituted or unsubstituted         arenesulfonate, or any combination thereof.

In another aspect or non-limiting example, the catalyst composition can comprise, or the catalyst composition can comprise the contact product of, at least one ansa-metallocene, at least one organoaluminum compound, and at least one activator-support, wherein:

a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula:

or a combination thereof, wherein

-   -   M¹ and M² are independently zirconium or hafnium;     -   X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, and X¹⁰ are independently Cl, Br, methyl, or benzyl;     -   R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are independently t-butyl or         hydrogen;     -   R⁷ is H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, or n-butyl, and     -   n, in each occurrence, is an integer from 1 to 5, inclusive;

b) the at least one organoaluminum compound comprises trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tripropylaluminum, tributylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, trihexylaluminum, triisohexylaluminum, trioctylaluminum, diethylaluminum ethoxide, diisobutylaluminum hydride, diethylaluminum chloride, or any combination thereof; and

c) the at least one activator comprises a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion, wherein

-   -   the solid oxide is silica, alumina, silica-alumina,         aluminophosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc aluminate,         heteropolytungstates, titania, zirconia, magnesia, boria, zinc         oxide, mixed oxides thereof, or any combination thereof; and     -   the electron-withdrawing anion is fluoride, chloride, bromide,         iodide, phosphate, triflate, bisulfate, sulfate, fluoroborate,         fluorosulfate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, fluorophosphate,         fluorozirconate, fluorosilicate, fluorotitanate, substituted or         unsubstituted alkanesulfonate, substituted or unsubstituted         arenesulfonate, or any combination thereof.

Still another aspect or non-limiting example of this invention provides a catalyst composition, wherein the catalyst composition can comprise, or the catalyst composition can comprise the contact product of, at least one ansa-metallocene, at least one organoaluminum compound, and at least one activator-support, wherein:

a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises

or a combination thereof;

b) the at least one organoaluminum compound comprises triethylaluminum, tri-n-butylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, or any combination thereof; and

c) the at least one activator comprises a fluorided solid oxide.

In still another aspect or non-limiting example, the catalyst composition can comprise, or the catalyst composition can comprise the contact product of, at least one precontacted ansa-metallocene, at least one precontacted organoaluminum compound, at least one precontacted olefin, and at least one postcontacted activator-support, wherein each of the ansa-metallocene, the organoaluminum compound, the olefin, and the activator-support are provided herein.

The Optional Ionizing Ionic Compound Cocatalyst

In one aspect, the present invention provides a catalyst composition comprising, or a catalyst composition comprising the contact product of: 1) at least one ansa-metallocene; 2) optionally, at least one organoaluminum compound; and 3) at least one activator, as disclosed herein. In another aspect, the present invention provides a catalyst composition as disclosed herein, comprising an optional ionizing ionic compound cocatalyst in addition to these other components. However, in one aspect, the catalyst composition of this invention is substantially free of ionizing ionic compounds, and in another aspect, the catalyst composition of this invention have polymerization activity in the substantial absence of ionizing ionic compounds. In still another aspect, the present invention provides a catalyst composition comprising at least one ansa-metallocene compound as disclosed herein, at least one ionizing ionic compound cocatalyst, optionally at least one activator-support, and optionally at least one organoaluminum compound. Examples of ionizing ionic compound are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,576,259 and 5,807,938.

An ionizing ionic compound is an ionic compound which can function to enhance activity of the catalyst composition. While not bound by theory, it is believed that the ionizing ionic compound can be capable of reacting with the metallocene compound and converting the metallocene into a cationic metallocene compound. Again, while not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that the ionizing ionic compound can function as an ionizing compound by completely or partially extracting an anionic ligand, possibly a non-η⁵-alkadienyl ligand such as (X³) or (X⁴) from the ansa-metallocene. However, no aspect of the present invention depends on any theory of action, regardless of whether the ionizing ionic compound ionizes the metallocene; abstracts an (X³) or (X⁴) ligand in a fashion as to form an ion pair; weakens at least one metal-(X³) and/or metal-(X⁴) bond in at least one ansa-metallocene; simply coordinates to at least one (X³) and/or (X⁴) ligand; or any other mechanisms or combination of mechanisms by which activation can occur. Further, it is not necessary that the ionizing ionic compound activate the metallocene only. The activation function of the ionizing ionic compound is evident in the enhanced activity of catalyst composition as a whole, as compared to a catalyst composition containing catalyst composition that does not comprise any ionizing ionic compound.

Examples of ionizing ionic compounds include, but are not limited to, the following compounds: tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(p-tolyl)borate, tri(n-butyl)-ammonium tetrakis(m-tolyl)borate, tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)borate, tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borate, tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(p-tolyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(m-tolyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoro-methyl)phenyl]borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(p-tolyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(m-tolyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tropylium tetrakis(p-tolyl)borate, tropylium tetrakis(m-tolyl)borate, tropylium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)borate, tropylium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borate, tropylium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoro-methyl)phenyl]borate, tropylium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, lithium tetrakis(phenyl)borate, lithium tetrakis(p-tolyl)borate, lithium tetrakis(m-tolyl)borate, lithium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)borate, lithium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, sodium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, sodium tetrakis(phenyl)borate, sodium tetrakis(p-tolyl)borate, sodium tetrakis(m-tolyl)borate, sodium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)borate, sodium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borate, sodium tetrafluoroborate, potassium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, potassium tetrakis(phenyl)borate, potassium tetrakis(p-tolyl)borate, potassium tetrakis(m-tolyl)borate, potassium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)borate, potassium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borate, potassium tetrafluoroborate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(p-tolyl)aluminate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(m-tolyl)aluminate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)aluminate, tropylium tetrakis(p-tolyl)aluminate, tropylium tetrakis(m-tolyl)aluminate, tropylium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, tropylium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, tropylium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)aluminate, lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)aluminate, lithium tetrakis(phenyl)aluminate, lithium tetrakis(p-tolyl)aluminate, lithium tetrakis(m-tolyl)aluminate, lithium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, lithium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, lithium tetrafluoroaluminate, sodium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)aluminate, sodium tetrakis(phenyl)aluminate, sodium tetrakis(p-tolyl)aluminate, sodium tetrakis(m-tolyl)aluminate, sodium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, sodium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, sodium tetrafluoroaluminate, potassium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)aluminate, potassium tetrakis(phenyl)aluminate, potassium tetrakis(p-tolyl)aluminate, potassium tetrakis(m-tolyl)aluminate, potassium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, potassium tetrakis (3,5-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, potassium tetrafluoroaluminate, triphenylcarbenium tris(2,2′,2″-nonafluorobiphenyl)fluoroaluminate, silver tetrakis(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanolato)aluminate, or silver tetrakis(perfluoro-t-butoxy)aluminate, or any combination thereof. However, these ionizing ionic compound are exemplary, and the ionizing ionic compound is not limited thereto in the present invention.

The Olefin Monomer

In one aspect of this invention, unsaturated reactants that are useful in the polymerization processes with catalyst compositions and processes of this invention include olefin compounds having from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms per molecule and having at least one olefinic double bond. This invention encompasses homopolymerization processes using a single olefin such as ethylene or propylene, as well as copolymerization reactions with at least one different olefinic compound. In one aspect of a copolymerization reaction of ethylene, copolymers of ethylene comprise a major amount of ethylene (>50 mole percent) and a minor amount of comonomer <50 mole percent), though this is not a requirement. The comonomers that can be copolymerized with ethylene should have from three to about 20 carbon atoms in their molecular chain.

Acyclic, cyclic, polycyclic, terminal (α), internal, linear, branched, substituted, unsubstituted, functionalized, and non-functionalized olefins can be employed in this invention. For example, typical unsaturated compounds that can be polymerized with the catalysts of this invention include, but are not limited to, propylene, 1-butene, 2-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, isobutylene, 1-pentene, 2-pentene, 3-methyl-1-pentene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene, 2-hexene, 3-hexene, 3-ethyl-1-hexene, 1-heptene, 2-heptene, 3-heptene, the four normal octenes, the four normal nonenes, the five normal decenes, and mixtures of any two or more thereof. Cyclic and bicyclic olefins, including but not limited to, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, norbornylene, norbornadiene, and the like, can also be polymerized as described above.

In one aspect, when a copolymer is desired, the monomer ethylene can be copolymerized with a comonomer. In another aspect, examples of the comonomer include, but are not limited to, propylene, 1-butene, 2-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, isobutylene, 1-pentene, 2-pentene, 3-methyl-1-pentene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene, 2-hexene, 3-hexene, 3-ethyl-1-hexene, 1-heptene, 2-heptene, 3-heptene, the four normal octenes, the four normal nonenes, or the five normal decenes. In another aspect, the comonomer can be 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, or styrene.

In one aspect, the amount of comonomer introduced into a reactor zone to produce the copolymer is generally from about 0.001 to about 99 weight percent comonomer based on the total weight of the monomer and comonomer. In one aspect, the amount of comonomer introduced into a reactor zone to produce the copolymer is generally from about 0.01 to about 50 weight percent comonomer based on the total weight of the monomer and comonomer. In another aspect, the amount of comonomer introduced into a reactor zone is from about 0.01 to about 10 weight percent comonomer, and in still another aspect, from about 0.1 to about 5 weight percent comonomer based on the total weight of the monomer and comonomer. Alternatively, an amount sufficient to give the above described concentrations by weight, in the copolymer produced can be used.

While not intending to be bound by this theory, in the event that branched, substituted, or functionalized olefins are used as reactants, it is believed that steric hindrance can impede and/or slow the polymerization process. Thus, branched and/or cyclic portion(s) of the olefin removed somewhat from the carbon-carbon double bond would not be expected to hinder the reaction in the way that the same olefin substituents situated more proximate to the carbon-carbon double bond might. In one aspect, at least one reactant for the catalyst compositions of this invention is ethylene, so the polymerizations are either homopolymerizations or copolymerizations with a different acyclic, cyclic, terminal, internal, linear, branched, substituted, or unsubstituted olefin. In addition, the catalyst compositions of this invention can be used in polymerization of diolefin compounds, including but are not limited to, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, 1,4-pentadiene, and 1,5-hexadiene.

Preparation of the Catalyst Composition

In one aspect, this invention encompasses a catalyst composition and a method comprising contacting at least one ansa-metallocene compound, at least one activator, and optionally at least one organoaluminum compound, as disclosed herein. The method disclosed herein encompasses any series of contacting steps that allows contacting each of the components provided, any order of contacting components or mixtures of components. While not intending to be limiting, examples of contacting steps are typically exemplified herein using a treated solid oxide activator-support and an organoaluminum cocatalyst. These exemplary steps can encompass any number of precontacting and postcontacting steps, and can further encompass using an olefin monomer as a contact component in any of these steps. Examples of preparative methods to prepare the catalyst composition of this invention follow.

In one aspect of this invention, the ansa-metallocene can be precontacted with an olefinic monomer, not necessarily the olefin monomer to be polymerized, and an organoaluminum cocatalyst for a first period of time prior to contacting this precontacted mixture with the solid oxide activator-support. For example, the first period of time for contact, the precontact time, between the ansa-metallocene, the olefinic monomer, and the organoaluminum cocatalyst can typically range from time about 1 minute to about 24 hours, and from about 0.1 to about 1 hour is typical. Precontact times from about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes are also typical.

Once the precontacted mixture of ansa-metallocene, olefin monomer, and organoaluminum cocatalyst is contacted with the solid oxide activator, this composition (further comprising the solid oxide activator) is termed the postcontacted mixture. Typically, the postcontacted mixture can be allowed to remain in contact for a second period of time, the postcontact time, prior to being initiating the polymerization process. In one aspect, postcontact times between the solid oxide activator-support and the precontacted mixture typically range from time about 1 minute to about 24 hours, and from 0.1 to about 1 hour is typical. Postcontact times from about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes are also typical.

In another aspect of this invention, the various catalyst components (for example, ansa-metallocene, activator-support, organoaluminum cocatalyst, and optionally an unsaturated hydrocarbon) can be contacted in the polymerization reactor simultaneously while the polymerization reaction is proceeding. Alternatively, any two or more of these catalyst components can be “precontacted” in a vessel or tube prior to their entering the reaction zone. This precontacting step can be a continuous process, in which the precontacted product is fed continuously to the reactor, or it can be a stepwise or batchwise process in which a batch of precontacted product can be added to make a catalyst composition. This precontacting step can be carried out over a time period that can range from a few seconds to as much as several days, or longer. In this aspect, the continuous precontacting step can last typically from about 1 second to about 1 hour. Also in this aspect, the continuous precontacting step can last typically from about 10 seconds to about 45 minutes, or from about 1 minute to about 30 minutes.

Alternatively the precontacting process can be carried out in multiple steps, rather than a single step, in which multiple mixtures are prepared, each comprising a different set of catalyst components. For example, at least two catalyst components can be contacted forming a first mixture, followed by contacting the first mixture with at least one other catalyst component forming a second mixture, and so forth.

Multiple precontacting steps can be carried out in a single vessel or in multiple vessels. Further, multiple precontacting steps can be carried out in series (sequentially), in parallel, or a combination thereof. For example, a first mixture of two catalyst components can be formed in a first vessel, a second mixture comprising the first mixture plus one additional catalyst component can be formed in the first vessel or in a second vessel, which is typically placed downstream of the first vessel.

In another aspect, one or more of the catalyst components can be split and used in different precontacting treatments. For example, part of a catalyst component can be fed into a first precontacting vessel for precontacting with at least one other catalyst component, while the remainder of that same catalyst component can be fed into a second precontacting vessel for precontacting with at least one other catalyst component, or can be fed directly into the reactor, or a combination thereof. The precontacting can be carried out in any suitable equipment, such as tanks, stirred mix tanks, various static mixing devices, a tube, a flask, a vessel of any type, or any combination thereof.

In one aspect, for example, a catalyst composition of this invention is prepared by contacting 1-hexene, and triethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, or tri-n-butylaluminum, and an ansa-metallocene for at least about 30 minutes, followed by contacting this precontacted mixture with a sulfated alumina activator-support for at least about 10 minutes up to one hour to form the active catalyst.

The precontacting step typically increases the productivity of the polymer as compared to the same catalyst composition that is prepared without this precontacting step. The enhanced activity catalyst composition of this invention can be used for homopolymerization of an α-olefin monomer such as ethylene or copolymerization of an α-olefin and a comonomer. However, neither a precontacting step nor a postcontacting step are required for this invention.

The postcontacted mixture can be heated at a temperature and for a duration sufficient to allow adsorption, impregnation, or interaction of precontacted mixture and the solid oxide activator-support, such that a portion of the components of the precontacted mixture is immobilized, adsorbed, or deposited thereon. For example, the postcontacted mixture can be heated from between about 0° F. to about 150° F. Temperatures between about 40° F. to about 95° F. are typical if the mixture is heated at all.

In one aspect, the molar ratio of the ansa-metallocene compound to the organoaluminum compound can be from about 1:1 to about 1:10,000. In another aspect, the molar ratio of the ansa-metallocene compound to the organoaluminum compound can be from about 1:1 to about 1:1,000, and in another aspect, from about 1:1 to about 1:100. These molar ratios reflect the ratio of ansa-metallocene compound to the total amount of organoaluminum compound in both the precontacted mixture and the postcontacted mixture combined.

When a precontacting step is used, generally, the molar ratio of olefin monomer to ansa-metallocene compound in the precontacted mixture can be from about 1:10 to about 100,000:1, or from about 10:1 to about 1,000:1.

In another aspect of this invention, the weight ratio of the solid oxide activator to the organoaluminum compound can range from about 1:5 to about 1,000:1. In another aspect, the weight ratio of the solid oxide activator to the organoaluminum compound can be from about 1:3 to about 100:1, and in yet another aspect, from about 1:1 to about 50:1.

In a further aspect of this invention, the weight ratio of the ansa-metallocene to solid oxide activator-support can be from about 1:1 to about 1:1,000,000. Yet another aspect of this invention is the weight ratio of the ansa-metallocene to solid oxide activator-support which can be from about 1:10 to about 1:100,000, and in another aspect, from about 1:20 to about 1:1000.

One aspect of this invention is that aluminoxane is not required to form the catalyst composition disclosed herein, a feature that allows lower polymer production costs. Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention can use AlR₃-type organoaluminum compounds and an activator-support in the absence of aluminoxanes. Additionally, no expensive borate compounds or MgCl₂ are required to form the catalyst composition of this invention, although aluminoxane, borate compounds, MgCl₂, or any combination thereof can optionally be used in the catalyst composition of this invention. Further, in one aspect, cocatalysts such as aluminoxanes, organoboron compounds, ionizing ionic compounds, or any combination thereof can be used as cocatalysts with an ansa-metallocene, an activator-support, and an organoaluminum compound. However, the catalyst compositions of the present invention are active in the substantial absence of cocatalysts such as aluminoxanes, organoboron compounds, ionizing ionic compounds, or any combination thereof.

Thus, in one aspect, this invention provides a process to produce a catalyst composition, comprising:

-   -   contacting at least one ansa-metallocene, at least one olefin,         and at least one organoaluminum compound for a first period of         time to form a precontacted mixture comprising at least one         precontacted ansa-metallocene, at least one precontacted         organoaluminum compound, and at least one precontacted olefin;         and     -   contacting the precontacted mixture with at least one         activator-support and optionally additional organoaluminum         compound for a second period of time to form a postcontacted         mixture comprising at least one postcontacted ansa-metallocene,         at least one postcontacted organoaluminum compound, at least one         postcontacted olefin, and at least one postcontacted         activator-support. In one aspect, the at least one         ansa-metallocene can comprise a compound having the formula:         (X¹)(X²)(X³)(X⁴)M, wherein     -   M is titanium, zirconium, or hafnium;     -   (X¹) and (X²) are independently a substituted fluorenyl or a         substituted indenyl;     -   one substituent on (X¹) and (X²) is a bridging group bonded to         both (X¹) and (X²) and having the formula         CH₂CH[(CH₂)_(n)CH═CH₂], or a substituted analog thereof, wherein         n is an integer from 1 to 8, inclusive;     -   (X³) and (X⁴) are independently: 1) F, Cl, Br, or I; 2) a         hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄; 3) a         hydrocarbyloxide group, a hydrocarbylamino group, or a         trihydrocarbylsilyl group, any of which having up to 20 carbon         atoms; or 4) OBR^(A) ₂ or SO₃R^(A), wherein R^(A) is an alkyl         group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 12 carbon         atoms; and     -   any substituent on the bridging group, any additional         substituent on the substituted fluorenyl, and any additional         substituent on the substituted indenyl is independently an         aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a cyclic group, a         combination of aliphatic and cyclic groups, an oxygen group, a         sulfur group, a nitrogen group, a phosphorus group, an arsenic         group, a carbon group, a silicon group, or a boron group, any of         which having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; a halide; or hydrogen.

In one aspect, the catalytic activity of the catalyst of this invention is typically greater than or equal to about 100 grams polyethylene per gram of chemically treated solid oxide per hour (abbreviated gP/(gCTSO·hr)). In another aspect, the catalyst of this invention can be characterized by an activity of greater than or equal to about 250 gP/(gCTSO·hr), and in another aspect, an activity of greater than or equal to about 500 gP/(gCTSO·hr). In still another aspect, the catalyst of this invention can be characterized by an activity of greater than or equal to about 1000 gP/(gCTSO·hr), and in another aspect, an activity of greater than or equal to about 2000 gP/(gCTSO·hr). In another aspect, this activity is measured under slurry polymerization conditions using isobutane as the diluent, with a polymerization temperature from about 80° C. to about 105° C., and a total pressure from about 450 psig to about 550 psig. The reactor should have substantially no indication of any wall scale, coating or other forms of fouling upon making these measurements.

Utility of the Catalyst Composition in Polymerization Processes

The catalysts of the present invention are intended for any olefin polymerization method known in the art, using various types of polymerization reactors. As used herein, “polymerization reactor” includes any polymerization reactor capable of polymerizing olefin monomers to produce homopolymers or copolymers. Such homopolymers and copolymers are referred to as resins or polymers. The various types of reactors include those that may be referred to as batch, slurry, gas-phase, solution, high pressure, tubular or autoclave reactors. Gas phase reactors may comprise fluidized bed reactors or staged horizontal reactors. Slurry reactors may comprise vertical or horizontal loops. High pressure reactors may comprise autoclave or tubular reactors. Reactor types can include batch or continuous processes. Continuous processes could use intermittent or continuous product discharge. Processes may also include partial or full direct recycle of un-reacted monomer, un-reacted comonomer, and/or diluent.

Polymerization reactor systems of the present invention may comprise one type of reactor in a system or multiple reactors of the same or different type. Production of polymers in multiple reactors may include several stages in at least two separate polymerization reactors interconnected by a transfer device making it possible to transfer the polymers resulting from the first polymerization reactor into the second reactor. The desired polymerization conditions in one of the reactors may be different from the operating conditions of the other reactors. Alternatively, polymerization in multiple reactors may include the manual transfer of polymer from one reactor to subsequent reactors for continued polymerization. Multiple reactor systems may include any combination including, but not limited to, multiple loop reactors, multiple gas reactors, a combination of loop and gas reactors, multiple high pressure reactors or a combination of high pressure with loop and/or gas reactors. The multiple reactors may be operated in series or in parallel.

According to one aspect of the invention, the polymerization reactor system may comprise at least one loop slurry reactor. Such reactors are known in the art and may comprise vertical or horizontal loops. Monomer, diluent, catalyst and optionally any comonomer may be continuously fed to a loop reactor where polymerization occurs. Generally, continuous processes may comprise the continuous introduction of a monomer, a catalyst, and a diluent into a polymerization reactor and the continuous removal from this reactor of a suspension comprising polymer particles and the diluent. Reactor effluent may be flashed to remove the solid polymer from the liquids that comprise the diluent, monomer and/or comonomer. Various technologies may be used for this separation step including but not limited to, flashing that may include any combination of heat addition and pressure reduction; separation by cyclonic action in either a cyclone or hydrocyclone; or separation by centrifugation.

A typical slurry polymerization process (also known as the particle form process), which is well known in the art is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,248,179, 4,501,885, 5,565,175, 5,575,979, 6,239,235, 6,262,191 and 6,833,415, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

Suitable diluents used in slurry polymerization are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to, the monomer being polymerized and hydrocarbons that are liquids under reaction conditions. Examples of suitable diluents include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbons such as propane, cyclohexane, isobutane, n-butane, n-pentane, isopentane, neopentane, and n-hexane. Some loop polymerization reactions can occur under bulk conditions where no diluent is used. An example is polymerization of propylene monomer as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,455,314, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

According to yet another aspect of this invention, the polymerization reactor may comprise at least one gas phase reactor. Such systems are known in the art and may employ a continuous recycle stream containing one or more monomers continuously cycled through a fluidized bed in the presence of the catalyst under polymerization conditions. A recycle stream may be withdrawn from the fluidized bed and recycled back into the reactor. Simultaneously, polymer product may be withdrawn from the reactor and new or fresh monomer may be added to replace the polymerized monomer. Such gas phase reactors may comprise a process for multi-step gas-phase polymerization of olefins, in which olefins are polymerized in the gaseous phase in at least two independent gas-phase polymerization zones while feeding a catalyst-containing polymer formed in a first polymerization zone to a second polymerization zone. One type of gas phase reactor is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,352,749, 4,588,790 and 5,436,304, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

According to still another aspect of the invention, a high pressure polymerization reactor may comprise a tubular reactor or an autoclave reactor, both of which are known in the art. Tubular reactors may have several zones where fresh monomer, initiators, or catalysts are added. Monomer may be entrained in an inert gaseous stream and introduced at one zone of the reactor. Initiators, catalysts, and/or catalyst components may be entrained in a gaseous stream and introduced at another zone of the reactor. The gas streams may be intermixed for polymerization. Heat and pressure may be employed appropriately to obtain optimal polymerization reaction conditions.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, the polymerization reactor may comprise a solution polymerization reactor wherein the monomer is contacted with the catalyst composition by suitable stirring or other means. A carrier comprising an inert organic diluent or excess monomer may be employed. If desired, the monomer may be brought in the vapor phase into contact with the catalytic reaction product, in the presence or absence of liquid material. The polymerization zone is maintained at temperatures and pressures that will result in the formation of a solution of the polymer in a reaction medium. Agitation may be employed to obtain better temperature control and to maintain uniform polymerization mixtures throughout the polymerization zone. Adequate means are utilized for dissipating the exothermic heat of polymerization. These reactors are known in the art.

Polymerization reactors suitable for the present invention may further comprise any combination of at least one raw material feed system, at least one feed system for catalyst or catalyst components, and/or at least one polymer recovery system. Suitable reactor systems for the present invention may further comprise systems for feedstock purification, catalyst storage and preparation, extrusion, reactor cooling, polymer recovery, fractionation, recycle, storage, loadout, laboratory analysis, and process control.

Conditions that are controlled for polymerization efficiency and to provide resin properties include temperature, pressure and the concentrations of various reactants. Polymerization temperature can affect catalyst productivity, polymer molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. Suitable polymerization temperature may be any temperature below the de-polymerization temperature according to the Gibbs Free energy equation. Typically this includes from about 60° C. to about 280° C., for example, and from about 70° C. to about 110° C., depending upon the type of polymerization reactor.

Suitable pressures will also vary according to the reactor and polymerization type. The pressure for liquid phase polymerizations in a loop reactor is typically less than 1000 psig. Pressure for gas phase polymerization is usually at about 200 to about 500 psig. High pressure polymerization in tubular or autoclave reactors is generally run at about 20,000 to about 75,000 psig. Polymerization reactors can also be operated in a supercritical region occurring at generally higher temperatures and pressures. Operation above the critical point of a pressure/temperature diagram (supercritical phase) may offer advantages.

The concentration of various reactants can be controlled to produce resins with certain physical and mechanical properties. The proposed end-use product that will be formed by the resin and the method of forming that product determines the desired resin properties. Mechanical properties include tensile, flexural, impact, creep, stress relaxation and hardness tests. Physical properties include density, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, melting temperature, glass transition temperature, temperature melt of crystallization, density, stereoregularity, crack growth, long chain branching and rheological measurements.

The concentrations of monomer, co-monomer, hydrogen, co-catalyst, modifiers, and electron donors are important in producing these resin properties. Comonomer is used to control product density. Hydrogen is used to control product molecular weight. Co-catalysts can be used to alkylate, scavenge poisons and control molecular weight. Modifiers can be used to control product properties and electron donors affect stereoregularity. In addition, the concentration of poisons must be minimized since they impact the reactions and product properties.

The polymer or resin may be formed into various articles, including, but not limited to, bottles, drums, toys, household containers, utensils, film products, drums, fuel tanks, pipes, geomembranes, and liners. Various processes may be used to form these articles, including, but not limited to, blow molding, extrusion molding, rotational molding, thermoforming, cast molding and the like. After polymerization, additives and modifiers can be added to the polymer to provide better processing during manufacturing and for desired properties in the end product. Additives include surface modifiers such as slip agents, antiblocks, tackifiers; antioxidants such as primary and secondary antioxidants; pigments; processing aids such as waxes/oils and fluoroelastomers; and special additives such as fire retardants, antistats, scavengers, absorbers, odor enhancers, and degradation agents.

Ethylene Polymers Prepared According to this Invention

In one aspect, the ethylene polymer produced using the catalyst composition of this invention is typically characterized by lower levels of long chain branching (LCB) than are typically observed when using a similar ansa-metallocene compound without an olefin-containing moiety pendent to the bridging ligand. FIG. 1 illustrates the structures of specific ansa-metallocenes used to prepare the polymers in Examples 1-3, and FIG. 2 illustrates properties of various ethylene-1-hexene copolymers produced according to this invention. FIG. 3 illustrates a property of the soluble portion of the ethylene-1-hexene copolymer produced according to the comparative catalyst. Polymerization conditions and molecular weight data for polymers prepared according to Examples 1-3 are summarized in Table 1.

FIG. 2 illustrates a plot of zero shear viscosity versus molecular weight, specifically, log(η₀) versus log(M_(w)) for polymers prepared according to inventive Examples 1 and 2, and further illustrate how reduced LCB levels are manifested. Linear polyethylene polymers are observed to follow a power law relationship between their zero shear viscosity, η₀, and their weight average molecular weight, M_(w), with a power very close to 3.4. This relationship is shown by a straight line with a slope of 3.4 when the logarithm of η₀ is plotted versus the logarithm of M_(w). Deviations from this linear polymer line are generally accepted as being caused by the presence of long-chain branching (LCB). Janzen and Colby presented a model that predicts the expected deviation from the linear plot of log(η₀) vs. log(M_(w)) for given frequencies of LCB as a function of the weight average molecular weight of the polymer. See: “Diagnosing long-chain branching in polyethylenes,” J. Mol. Struct. 485-486, 569-584 (1999), which is incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety.

Thus, FIG. 2 plots the logarithm of η₀ versus the logarithm of M_(w) for polymers prepared according to this invention, illustrating the dependence of zero shear melt viscosity on weight average molecular weight (M_(w)), and demonstrating that these polymers are only very slightly deviated from the well-know 3.4 power law “Arnett line” which is used as an indication of a linear polymer (J. Phys. Chem. 1980, 84, 649). Accordingly, the inventive polymers according to Examples 1 and 2 are characterized by very low levels of LCB.

There were no insolubles in the inventive examples. However, it was discovered that the polymers made from the comparative metallocene in Example 3 contained about 8% of insolubles, which is an indication of a non-linear polymer. FIG. 3 illustrates data obtained from SEC-MALS analysis of the soluble portion of the ethylene-1-hexene copolymer produced in comparative Example 3 (plot of R_(g) versus M_(w)), using an ansa-metallocene compound without an olefin-containing moiety pendent to the bridging ligand (see: FIG. 1). Thus, the combination of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and multiangle light scattering (MALS) detection was used to detect and characterize polymer branching. As illustrated in FIG. 3, diagrams obtained from SEC-MALS analysis plotting the radius of gyration (R_(g)), one measurement of molecular size, versus M_(w), of the ethylene-1-hexene copolymer produced in Example 3, demonstrate one aspect of the invention's utility in reducing LCB. Deviation of the radius of gyration (R_(g)) from a known linear control (HiD9640 in this case) indicates branching. Thus, the data from FIG. 3 demonstrate that the comparative polymers prepared using an ansa-metallocene without an olefin-containing moiety bonded to the bridging ligand (FIG. 1, Example 3) are significantly deviated from the linear standard, HiD9640, at high molecular weight end of the Rg vs. M_(w) plot. Therefore, in contrast to the inventive polymers, the control or comparative polymers examined showed substantial LCB as M_(w) increased.

Definitions

In order to more clearly define the terms used herein, the following definitions are provided. To the extent that any definition or usage provided by any document incorporated herein by reference conflicts with the definition or usage provided herein, the definition or usage provided herein controls.

The term “polymer” is used herein to mean homopolymers comprising ethylene and/or copolymers of ethylene and another olefinic comonomer. “Polymer” is also used herein to mean homopolymers and copolymers of any other polymerizable monomer disclosed herein.

The term “cocatalyst” is generally used herein to refer to the organoaluminum compounds that can constitute one component of the catalyst composition, but also refers to the optional components of the catalyst composition including, but not limited to, aluminoxanes, organoboron compounds, organoborate compounds, or ionizing ionic compounds, as disclosed herein. In one aspect, cocatalysts can be organoaluminum compounds of the formula Al(X⁵)_(n)(X⁶)_(3−n), wherein (X⁵) is a hydrocarbyl having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; (X⁶) is alkoxide or aryloxide, any of which having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, halide, or hydride; and n is a number from 1 to 3, inclusive. The term cocatalyst can be used regardless of the actual function of the compound or any chemical mechanism by which the compound might operate.

The term “precontacted” mixture is used herein to describe a first mixture of catalyst components that are contacted for a first period of time prior to the first mixture being used to form a “postcontacted” or second mixture of catalyst components that are contacted for a second period of time. Typically, the precontacted mixture describes a mixture of metallocene, olefin monomer, and organoaluminum compound, before this mixture is contacted with the acidic activator-support and optionally an organoaluminum compound. Thus, “precontacted” describes components that are used to contact each other, but prior to contacting the components in the second, postcontacted mixture. Accordingly, this invention may occasionally distinguish between a component used to prepare the precontacted mixture and that component after the mixture has been prepared. For example, according to this description, it is possible for the precontacted organoaluminum compound, once it is contacted with the metallocene and the olefin monomer, to have reacted to form at least one different chemical compound, formulation, or structure from the distinct organoaluminum compound used to prepare the precontacted mixture. In this case, the precontacted organoaluminum compound or component is described as comprising an organoaluminum compound that was used to prepare the precontacted mixture.

Similarly, the term “postcontacted” mixture is used herein to describe a second mixture of catalyst components that are contacted for a second period of time, and one constituent of which is the “precontacted” or first mixture of catalyst components that were contacted for a first period of time. Typically, the term “postcontacted” mixture is used herein to describe the mixture of metallocene, olefin monomer, organoaluminum compound, and acidic activator-support, formed from contacting the precontacted mixture of a portion of these components with the any additional components added to make up the postcontacted mixture. Generally, the additional component added to make up the postcontacted mixture is the solid oxide activator, and optionally can include an organoaluminum compound the same or different from the organoaluminum compound used to prepare the precontacted mixture, as described herein. Accordingly, this invention may also occasionally distinguish between a component used to prepare the postcontacted mixture and that component after the mixture has been prepared.

The term “ansa-metallocene” is used as a general term for a bridged metallocene compound, in which the two η⁵-cycloalkadienyl-type ligands in the molecule are linked by a bridging moiety. The specific ansa-metallocenes useful in the present invention include a metallocene compound in which the two η⁵-cycloalkadienyl-type ligands in the molecule are linked by a bridging moiety, wherein the shortest link between the two η⁵-cycloalkadienyl-type ligands comprises two carbon atoms. Thus, the length of the bridge or the chain between the two cyclopentadienyl-type ligands is two atoms, although this bridging moiety is substituted. Thus, the metallocenes of this invention are bridged bis(η⁵-cycloalkadienyl)-type compounds, wherein the η⁵-cycloalkadienyl portions include indenyl ligands, fluorenyl ligands, or a combination of an indenyl ligand and a fluorenyl ligand, including substituted analogs and partially saturated analogs thereof. Possible substituents on these ligands include hydrogen, therefore the description “substituted derivatives thereof” in this invention includes partially saturated η⁵-ligands such as tetrahydroindenyl, tetrahydrofluorenyl, octahydrofluorenyl, partially saturated indenyl, partially saturated fluorenyl, substituted partially saturated indenyl, substituted partially saturated fluorenyl, and the like. In some contexts, the metallocene is referred to simply as the “catalyst”, in much the same way the term “cocatalyst” is used herein to refer to the organoaluminum compound.

The terms “catalyst composition,” “catalyst mixture,” and the like do not depend upon the actual product of the reaction of the components of the mixtures, the nature of the active catalytic site, or the fate of the aluminum cocatalyst, ansa-metallocene, any olefin monomer used to prepare a precontacted mixture, or the solid oxide activator after combining these components. Therefore, the terms catalyst composition, catalyst mixture, and the like include both heterogeneous compositions and homogenous compositions.

The term “hydrocarbyl” is used to specify a hydrocarbon radical group that includes, but is not limited to aryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkadienyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, and the like, and includes all substituted, unsubstituted, branched, linear, heteroatom substituted derivatives thereof. Unless otherwise specified, the hydrocarbyl groups of this invention typically comprise up to about 20 carbon atoms. In one aspect, hydrocarbyl groups can have up to 12 carbon atoms, up to 8 carbon atoms, or up to 6 carbon atoms.

The term “hydrocarbyloxide” group is used generically to refer collectively to both alkoxide and aryloxide groups. Unless otherwise specified, the hydrocarbyl oxide groups of this invention typically comprise up to about 20 carbon atoms. In one aspect, hydrocarbyloxide groups can have up to 12 carbon atoms, up to 8 carbon atoms, or up to 6 carbon atoms.

The term “hydrocarbylamino” group is used generically to refer collectively to alkylamino (NHR), arylamino (NHAr), dialkylamino (NR₂), and diarylamino (NAr₂) groups. Unless otherwise specified, the hydrocarbyl amino groups of this invention typically comprise up to about 20 carbon atoms. In one aspect, hydrocarbylamino groups can have up to 12 carbon atoms, up to 8 carbon atoms, or up to 6 carbon atoms.

The term “alkenyl” is used broadly to specify a hydrocarbyl group that comprises an alkene moiety, regardless of the particular regiochemistry of the alkene moiety and encompassing all stereochemical isomers. Thus, for example, the term alkenyl is intended to include any CH═CH₂-substituted or CH═CMe₂-substituted alkyl group, regardless of where the substitution occurs within the alkyl group. Terms such as olefin-containing hydrocarbyl group or olefin-containing pendant group are typically used interchangeably with alkenyl group, again illustrating that these terms are not intended to be bound by the particular location of the C═C double bond within the group. Unless otherwise specified, the alkenyl groups of this invention typically comprise up to about 20 carbon atoms. In one aspect, alkenyl groups can have up to 12 carbon atoms, up to 8 carbon atoms, or up to 6 carbon atoms.

The terms “treated solid oxide,” “chemically-treated solid oxide,” and the like are used herein to indicate a treated, solid, inorganic oxide of relatively high porosity, which exhibits Lewis acidic or Brønsted acidic behavior, and which has been treated with an electron-withdrawing component, typically an anion, and which is calcined. The electron-withdrawing component is typically an electron-withdrawing anion source compound. Thus, the treated solid oxide compound comprises the calcined contact product of at least one solid oxide compound with at least one electron-withdrawing anion source compound. Typically, the treated solid oxide compound comprises at least one ionizing, acidic solid oxide compound. The terms support or activator-support are not used to imply these components are inert, and this component should not be construed as an inert component of the catalyst composition.

The term “activator,” as used herein, refers generally to a substance that is capable of converting the contact product of: 1) a metallocene component; and 2) a component that provides an activatable ligand such as an alkyl or hydride ligand to the metallocene, when the metallocene compound does not already comprise such a ligand; into a catalyst that can polymerize olefins. This term is used regardless of whether an activator ionizes the metallocene, abstracts an anionic ligand to form an ion pair, weakens a metal-ligand bond in the metallocene, simply coordinates to an anionic ligand, or any other mechanism. As disclosed herein, the contact product comprises at least one activator, which can be selected independently from: i) an activator-support selected from a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion, a layered mineral, an ion-exchangeable activator-support, or any combination thereof; ii) an organoaluminoxane compound; iii) an organoboron or an organoborate compound; or iv) any combination of these components.

The term “clay” is used herein to refer to that component of the catalyst composition, a substantial portion of which constitutes a clay mineral or a mixture of clay minerals that have been pretreated by either exchanging cations, pillaring or simply wetting, that can be used as a activator-support in the catalyst composition described herein. The transition metal compound and organometal cocatalyst are reacted with the clay activator-support to form the active catalyst. While not intending to be bound by the following statement, the clay component of the catalyst composition of this invention probably functions as a activator-support for the transition metal compound, as well as a cocatalyst from the standpoint that it is in intimate physical chemical contact with the transition metal component.

As used herein, the collective term “clay mineral” is used herein to describe the large group of finely-crystalline, sheet like clay minerals that are found in nature in fine-grained sediments, sedimentary rocks, and the like. Clay minerals are a class of hydrous silicate and aluminosilicate minerals with sheet-like structures and very high surface areas. This term is also used to describe hydrous magnesium silicates with a phyllosilicate structure. Many common clay minerals belong to the kaolinite, montmorillonite, or illite groups of clays. Thus, the term “clay mineral” is not used herein to refer to the fine-grained soil consisting of mineral particles, not necessarily clay minerals, that are less than about 0.002 mm in size.

The term “pillared clay” is used herein to refer to a component of the catalyst composition comprising clay minerals, typically of the of the smectite group and other phyllosilicates in addition to sepiolites and palygorskites, that have been ion exchanged with large, typically polynuclear, highly charged metal complex cations. Examples of such ions include, but are not limited to, Keggin ions which can have charges such as 7+, various polyoxometallates, and other large ions. Thus, the term pillaring refers to a simple exchange reaction in which the exchangeable cations of a clay material are replaced with large, highly charged ions, such as Keggin ions. These polymeric cations are then immobilized within the interlayers of the clay and when calcined are converted to metal oxide “pillars,” effectively supporting the clay layers as column-like structures. Examples of pillaring and pillared clays are found in: T. J. Pinnavaia, Science 220 (4595), 365-371 (1983); J. M. Thomas, Intercalation Chemistry, (S. Whittington and A. Jacobson, eds.) Ch. 3, pp. 55-99, Academic Press, Inc., (1972); U.S. Pat. No. 4,452,910; U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,611; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,060,480; each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

Although any methods, devices, and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, the typical methods, devices and materials are herein described.

All publications and patents mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, the constructs and methodologies that are described in the publications, which might be used in connection with the presently described invention. The publications discussed above and throughout the text are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.

For any particular compound disclosed herein, any general structure presented also encompasses all conformational isomers, regioisomers, stereoisomers, and the like, that can arise from a particular set of substituents. The general structure also encompasses all enantiomers, diastereomers, and other optical isomers whether in enantiomeric or racemic forms, as well as mixtures of stereoisomers, as the context requires.

The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not to be construed in any way as imposing limitations upon the scope thereof. On the contrary, it is to be clearly understood that resort can be had to various other aspects, embodiments, modifications, and equivalents thereof which, after reading the description herein, may suggest themselves to one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention or the scope of the appended claims.

In the following examples, unless otherwise specified, the syntheses and preparations described herein were carried out under an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen and/or argon. Solvents were purchased from commercial sources and were typically dried over activated alumina prior to use. Unless otherwise specified, reagents were obtained from commercial sources.

General testing procedures, characterization, and synthetic procedures are provided herein. Synthetic methods to prepare the metallocenes, treated solid oxides, and other reagents of this invention are also provided herein.

General Testing Procedures

Molecular weight and molecular weight distributions were obtained using a PL-GPC 220 (Polymer Labs, UK) system equipped with a differential refractive index detector and three 7.5 mm×300 mm 20 um Mixed A-LS columns (Polymer Labs) running at 145° C. The flow rate of the mobile phase, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) containing 0.5 g/L 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), was set at 1 mL/min and the concentration of polymer solutions was generally kept in the range of 1.0-1.5 mg/mL, depending on the molecular weights. Sample preparation was conducted at 150° C. for 4 h with occasional and gentle agitation before the solutions being transferred to sample vials for injection. In order to minimize unbalanced solvent peak, solvent with the same composition as the mobile phase was used for solution preparation. The integral calibration method was employed to deduce molecular weights and molecular weight distributions using a Chevron Phillips Chemicals Company's broad linear polyethylene, Marlex BHB5003, as the broad standard. The integral table of the broad standard was pre-determined in a separate experiment with SEC-MALS.

Melt Viscosity Measurements to Determine Shear Viscosity Characteristics

Small-strain oscillatory shear measurements were performed on an ARES oscillatory rheometer using parallel-plate geometry (TA Instruments, formerly Rheometrics Inc.). Data were typically obtained over an angular frequency range of 0.03 to 100 rad/s at a temperature of 190° C.

Fluff samples were stabilized with 0.1 wt % BHT dispersed in acetone and then vacuum dried before molding. Samples were compression molded at 184° C. for a total of three minutes. The samples were allowed to melt at a relatively low pressure for one minute and then subjected to a high molding pressure for an additional two minutes. The molded samples were then quenched in a cold (room temperature) press. Disks having the size 2 mm×25.4 mm diameter were stamped out of the molded slabs for rheological characterization.

The test chamber of the rheometer was blanketed in nitrogen in order to minimize polymer degradation. The rheometer was preheated to the initial temperature of the study. Upon sample loading and after oven thermal equilibration, the specimens were squeezed between the plates to a 1.6 mm thickness and the excess was trimmed.

Strains were generally maintained at a single value throughout a frequency sweep but larger strain values were used for low viscosity samples to maintain a measurable torque. Smaller strain values were used for high viscosity samples to avoid overloading the torque transducer and to keep within the linear viscoelastic limits of the sample. The instrument automatically reduces the strain at high frequencies if necessary to keep from overloading the torque transducer.

Viscosity data were fit with a modified Carreau-Yasuda model [R. Byron Bird, Robert C. Armstrong, and Ole Hassager, Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids, Volume 1, Fluid Mechanics, (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987), p 171-172], which is incorporated by reference herein to obtain estimates of the zero shear viscosity, viscous relaxation time, and a breadth parameter, as indicated below. |η*|=η₀/[1+(ωτ_(η))^(a) ]^(((1−n)/a)), wherein: |η*|=magnitude of the complex viscosity in Pa·s

-   -   ω=angular frequency in rad/s     -   η₀=zero shear viscosity in Pa·s     -   τ_(η)=viscous relaxation time in s     -   a=breadth parameter     -   n=power law parameter, fixed at 0.1818.         Long Chain Branching as Determined by SEC-MALS

A combination of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with multi-angle light scattering (MALS) (SEC-MLS) was used for long-chain branching (LCB) determination. A DAWN EOS 18-angle light scattering photometer (Wyatt Technology, Santa Barbara, Calif.) was attached to a PL-210 SEC system (Polymer Labs, UK) or a Waters 150 CV Plus system (Milford, Mass.) through a hot transfer line, thermally controlled at the same temperature as the SEC columns and its differential refractive index (DRI) detector (145° C.). At a flow rate setting of 0.7 mL/min, the mobile phase, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB), was eluted through three, 7.5 mm×300 mm, 20 μm Mixed A-LS columns (Polymer Labs). Polyethylene (PE) solutions with concentrations of ˜1.2 mg/mL, depending on samples, were prepared at 150° C. for 4 h before being transferred to the SEC injection vials sitting in a carousel heated at 145° C. For polymers of higher molecular weight, longer heating times were necessary in order to obtain true homogeneous solutions. In addition to acquiring a concentration chromatogram, seventeen light-scattering chromatograms at different angles were also acquired for each injection using Wyatt's Astra® software. At each chromatographic slice, both the absolute molecular weight (M) and root mean square (RMS) radius, also known as radius of gyration (R_(g)) were obtained from a Debye plot's intercept and slope, respectively. Methods for this process are detailed in Wyatt, P. J., Anal. Chim. Acta, 272, 1 (1993), which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The linear PE control employed was a linear, high-density broad MWD polyethylene sample (Chevron Phillips Chemical Co.). The weight average molecular weight (M_(w)), number average molecular weight (M_(n)), z-average molecular weight (M_(z)) and molecular weight distribution (M_(w)/M_(n)) were computed from this data, and are presented in various Tables.

The Zimm-Stockmayer approach was used to determine the amount of LCB in ethylene polymers. Since SEC-MALS measures M and R_(g) at each slice of a chromatogram simultaneously, the branching indices, g_(M), as a function of M could be determined at each slice directly by determining the ratio of the mean square R_(g) of branched molecules to that of linear ones, at the same M, as shown in equation 1:

$\begin{matrix} {g_{M} = \frac{\left\langle R_{g} \right\rangle_{br}^{2}}{\left\langle R_{g} \right\rangle_{lin}^{2}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$ where the subscripts br and lin represent branched and linear polymers, respectively.

At a given g_(M), the weight-averaged number of LCB per molecule (B_(3w)) was computed using Zimm-Stockmayer's equation, shown in equation 2, where the branches were assumed to be trifunctional, or Y-shaped.

$\begin{matrix} {g_{M} = {\frac{6}{B_{3w}}\left\{ {{\frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{2 + B_{3w}}{B_{3w}} \right)^{1/2}{\ln\left\lbrack \frac{\left( {2 + B_{3w}} \right)^{1/2} + \left( B_{3w} \right)^{1/2}}{\left( {2 + B_{3w}} \right)^{1/2} - \left( B_{3w} \right)^{1/2}} \right\rbrack}} - 1} \right\}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$ LCB frequency (LCB _(M) _(i) ), the number of LCB per 1 000 C, of the i^(th) slice was then computed straightforwardly using equation 3: LCB _(Mi)=1 000*14*B _(3w) /M _(i)  (3) where M_(i) is the MW of the i^(th) slice. The LCB distribution across the molecular weight distribution (MWD), (LCBD), was thus established for a full polymer.

A “Quantachrome Autosorb-6 Nitrogen Pore Size Distribution Instrument” was used to determined specific surface area (“surface area”) and specific pore volume (“pore volume”). This instrument was acquired from the Quantachrome Corporation, Syosset, N.Y.

Preparation of a Fluorided Silica-Alumina Activator-Support

The silica-alumina used to prepare the fluorided silica-alumina acidic activator-support in this Example was typically Davison silica-alumina obtained from W.R. Grace as Grade MS13-110, containing 13% alumina, having a pore volume of about 1.2 cc/g and a surface area of about 400 m²/g. This material was fluorided by impregnation to incipient wetness with a solution containing ammonium bifluoride in an amount sufficient to equal 10 wt % of the weight of the silica-alumina. This impregnated material was then dried in a vacuum oven for 8 hours at 100° C. The thus-fluorided silica-alumina samples were then calcined as follows. About 10 grams of the alumina were placed in a 1.75-inch quartz tube fitted with a sintered quartz disk at the bottom. While the silica was supported on the disk, dry air was blown up through the disk at the linear rate of about 1.6 to 1.8 standard cubic feet per hour. An electric furnace around the quartz tube was used to increase the temperature of the tube at the rate of about 400° C. per hour to a final temperature of about 500° C. At this temperature, the silica-alumina was allowed to fluidize for about three hours in the dry air. Afterward, the silica-alumina was collected and stored under dry nitrogen, and was used without exposure to the atmosphere.

Metallocene Preparations

Metallocene C-1 was purchased from Boulder Scientific Company. Metallocene I-1 and I-2 were prepared according to the methods reported in Alt, H. G., et.al. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 580, 1; and Rieger B., Organometallics 1997, 16, 544. The structures of specific metallocenes used in the inventive and comparative Examples are illustrated in FIG. 1.

EXAMPLE 1 Catalytic Run Using Metallocene I-1

A metallocene solution (0.67 mg/mL) was prepared by dissolving 10 mg of the metallocene I-1 in a mixture of 2.5 mL of TEA (1M in hexanes), 2.5 mL of hexene, and 10 mL of toluene. The polymerization run was conducted in a one-gallon (3.785 liter) stainless steel reactor, using the following procedure. A sample of fluorided silica alumina (192 mg), and a sample of the I-1 metallocene solution (5 mL, 3.3 mg) that included TEA (0.83 mmol) were added in that order through a reactor charge port, while venting isobutane vapor. The charge port was closed and two liters of isobutane were added. The contents of the reactor were stirred, the reactor was heated to 80° C., and ethylene was then introduced into the reactor along with 25 g of hexene. Ethylene was fed on demand to maintain the reactor pressure at 450 psi for a reaction time of 60 min. The reactor was maintained at 80° C. through the run by an automated heating-cooling system. Polymerization conditions and polymer characterization data (molecular weight) are provided in Table 1.

EXAMPLE 2 Catalytic Run Using Metallocene I-2

A metallocene solution (0.66 mg/mL) was prepared by dissolving 15.5 mg of metallocene I-2 in a mixture of 4 mL of TEA (1M in hexanes), 4 mL of hexene, and 15.5 mL of toluene. The polymerization run was conducted in a two-liter stainless steel reactor, using the following procedure. A sample of fluorided silica alumina (200 mg), and a sample of the I-2 metallocene solution (4 mL, 2.6 mg) that included TEA (0.68 mmol) were added in that order through a reactor charge port, while venting isobutane vapor. The charge port was closed and 1.2 liters of isobutane were added. The contents of the reactor were stirred, the reactor was heated to 80° C., and ethylene was then introduced into the reactor along with 25 g of hexene. Ethylene was fed on demand to maintain the reactor pressure at 450 psi for a reaction time of 30 min. The reactor was maintained at 80° C. through the run by an automated heating-cooling system. Polymerization conditions and polymer characterization data (molecular weight) are provided in Table 1.

EXAMPLE 3 Catalytic Run Using Metallocene C-1

A metallocene solution (0.67 mg/mL) was prepared by dissolving 10 mg of the metallocene C-1 in a mixture of 2.5 mL of TEA (1M in hexanes), 2.5 mL of hexene, and 10 mL of toluene. The polymerization run was conducted in a one-gallon (3.785 liter) stainless steel reactor, using the following procedure. A sample of fluorided silica alumina (200 mg), and a sample of the C-1 metallocene solution (4 mL, 2.7 mg) that included TEA (0.67 mmol), and additional TEA (0.1 mL of 1M solution in hexanes) were added in that order through a reactor charge port, while venting isobutane vapor. The charge port was closed and 1.8 liters of isobutane were added. The contents of the reactor were stirred, the reactor was heated to 80° C., and ethylene was then introduced into the reactor along with 25 g of hexene. Ethylene was fed on demand to maintain the reactor pressure at 450 psi for a reaction time of 60 min. The reactor was maintained at 80° C. through the run by an automated heating-cooling system. Polymerization conditions and polymer characterization data (molecular weight) are provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Polymerization conditions and polymerization results according to this disclosure. Support- Metallocene Reactor Activator weight Time Temp Pressure Support- weight R₃Al² Solid PE Example No. Metallocene¹ (mg) (min) (° C.) (psi) 1-Hexene (g) Activator (mg) (mmol) (g) Mw/1000 Mn/1000 1 I-1 3.3 60 80 450 25 fluorided 192 0.83 200 193 57 silica TEA alumina 2 I-2 2.6 30 80 450 25 fluorided 200 0.68 143 179 51 silica TEA alumina 3 C-1 2.7 60 80 450 25 fluorided 200 0.77 58 insol. insol. silica TEA alumina ¹Metallocene formulas are illustrated in FIG. 1. ²TEA, triethylaluminum. 

1. A catalyst composition comprising a contact product of: 1) at least one ansa-metallocene; 2) optionally, at least one organoaluminum compound; and 3) at least one activator; wherein: a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula: (X¹)(X²)(X³)(X⁴)M, wherein M is titanium, zirconium, or hafnium; (X¹) and (X²) are independently a substituted fluorenyl or a substituted indenyl; one substituent on (X¹) and (X²) is a bridging group bonded to both (X¹) and (X²) and having the formula CH₂CH[(CH₂)_(n)CH═CH₂], or a substituted analog thereof, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8, inclusive; (X³) and (X⁴) are independently: 1) F, Cl, Br, or I; 2) a hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄; 3) a hydrocarbyloxide group, a hydrocarbylamino group, or a trihydrocarbylsilyl group, any of which having up to 20 carbon atoms; or 4) OBR^(A) ₂ or SO₃R^(A), wherein R^(A) is an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 12 carbon atoms; and any substituent on the bridging group, any additional substituent on the substituted fluorenyl, and any additional substituent on the substituted indenyl is independently an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a cyclic group, a combination of aliphatic and cyclic groups, an oxygen group, a sulfur group, a nitrogen group, a phosphorus group, an arsenic group, a carbon group, a silicon group, or a boron group, any of which having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; a halide; or hydrogen; b) the at least one organoaluminum compound comprises a compound having the formula: Al(X⁵)_(n)(X⁶)_(3−n), wherein (X⁵) is a hydrocarbyl having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; (X⁶) is alkoxide or aryloxide, any of which having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, halide, or hydride; and n is a number from 1 to 3, inclusive; and c) the at least one activator comprises a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion; wherein the at least one organoaluminum compound is optional when at least one of X³ and X⁴ is a hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄.
 2. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula:

M¹ is zirconium or hafnium; X⁷ and X⁸ are independently F, Cl, Br, I, H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 10 carbon atoms, or hydrogen; and n is an integer from 0 to 7, inclusive.
 3. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula:

M² is zirconium or hafnium; X⁹ and X¹⁰ are independently F, Cl, Br, I, H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 10 carbon atoms, or hydrogen; and n is an integer from 0 to 7, inclusive.
 4. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula:

or a combination thereof, wherein M¹ and M² are independently zirconium or hafnium; X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, and are independently Cl, Br, methyl, benzyl; R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are independently t-butyl or hydrogen; R⁷ is H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, or n-butyl, and n, in each occurrence, is an integer from 1 to 5, inclusive.
 5. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one ansa-metallocene is selected from

or any combination thereof, wherein n, in each occurrence, is an integer from 1 to 5, inclusive.
 6. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one organoaluminum compound comprises trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tripropylaluminum, tri-n-butylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, trihexylaluminum, triisohexylaluminum, trioctylaluminum, diethylaluminum ethoxide, diisobutylaluminum hydride, diethylaluminum chloride, or any combination thereof.
 7. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one activator comprises a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion, wherein: the solid oxide is silica, alumina, silica-alumina, aluminophosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc aluminate, heteropolytungstate, titania, zirconia, magnesia, boria, zinc oxide, mixed oxides thereof, or any combination thereof; and the electron-withdrawing anion is fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, phosphate, triflate, bisulfate, sulfate, fluoroborate, fluorosulfate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, fluorophosphate, fluorozirconate, fluorosilicate, fluorotitanate, substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfonate, substituted or unsubstituted arenesulfonate, or any combination thereof.
 8. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein the solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion further comprises a metal or metal ion selected from zinc, nickel, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, silver, tin, or any combination thereof.
 9. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one activator comprises chlorided alumina, fluorided alumina, fluorided aluminophosphate, sulfated alumina, fluorided silica-alumina, or any combination thereof.
 10. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein: a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula:

or a combination thereof, wherein M¹ and M² are independently zirconium or hafnium; X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, and are F, Cl, Br, I, H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 10 carbon atoms, or hydrogen; and n, in each occurrence, is an integer from 0 to 7, inclusive; b) the at least one organoaluminum compound comprises trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tripropylaluminum, tributylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, trihexylaluminum, triisohexylaluminum, trioctylaluminum, diethylaluminum ethoxide, diisobutylaluminum hydride, diethylaluminum chloride, or any combination thereof; and c) the at least one activator comprises a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion, wherein the solid oxide is silica, alumina, silica-alumina, aluminophosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc aluminate, heteropolytungstate, titania, zirconia, magnesia, boria, zinc oxide, mixed oxides thereof, or any combination thereof; and the electron-withdrawing anion is fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, phosphate, triflate, bisulfate, sulfate, fluoroborate, fluorosulfate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, fluorophosphate, fluorozirconate, fluorosilicate, fluorotitanate, substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfonate, substituted or unsubstituted arenesulfonate, or any combination thereof.
 11. The catalyst composition of claim 1, further comprising an organoaluminoxane compound, wherein the organoaluminoxane compound comprises: a cyclic aluminoxane having the formula:

R is a linear or branched alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and n is an integer from 3 to about 10; a linear aluminoxane having the formula:

R is a linear or branched alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and n is an integer from 1 to about 50; a cage aluminoxane having the formula R^(t) _(5m+α)R^(b) _(m−α)Al_(4m)O_(3m), wherein m is 3 or 4 and α is =n_(Al(3))−n_(O(2))+n_(O(4)); wherein n_(Al(3)) is the number of three coordinate aluminum atoms, n_(O(2)) is the number of two coordinate oxygen atoms, n_(O(4)) is the number of 4 coordinate oxygen atoms, R^(t) represents a terminal alkyl group, and R^(b) represents a bridging alkyl group; wherein R is a linear or branched alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; or any combination thereof.
 12. The catalyst composition of claim 1, further comprising an ionizing ionic compound selected from tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(p-tolyl)borate, tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(m-tolyl)borate, tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)borate, tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borate, tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis [3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(p-tolyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(m-tolyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(p-tolyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(m-tolyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tropylium tetrakis(p-tolyl)borate, tropylium tetrakis(m-tolyl)borate, tropylium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)borate, tropylium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borate, tropylium tetrakis [3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, tropylium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, lithium tetrakis(phenyl)borate, lithium tetrakis(p-tolyl)borate, lithium tetrakis(m-tolyl)borate, lithium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)borate, lithium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, sodium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, sodium tetrakis(phenyl)borate, sodium tetrakis(p-tolyl)borate, sodium tetrakis(m-tolyl)borate, sodium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)borate, sodium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borate, sodium tetrafluoroborate, potassium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, potassium tetrakis(phenyl)borate, potassium tetrakis(p-tolyl)borate, potassium tetrakis(m-tolyl)borate, potassium tetrakis(2,4-dimethyl-phenyl)borate, potassium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borate, potassium tetrafluoroborate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(p-tolyl)aluminate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(m-tolyl)aluminate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)aluminate, tropylium tetrakis(p-tolyl)aluminate, tropylium tetrakis(m-tolyl)aluminate, tropylium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, tropylium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, tropylium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)aluminate, lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)aluminate, lithium tetrakis(phenyl)aluminate, lithium tetrakis(p-tolyl)aluminate, lithium tetrakis(m-tolyl)aluminate, lithium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, lithium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, lithium tetrafluoroaluminate, sodium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)aluminate, sodium tetrakis(phenyl)aluminate, sodium tetrakis(p-tolyl)aluminate, sodium tetrakis(m-tolyl)aluminate, sodium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, sodium tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, sodium tetrafluoroaluminate, potassium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)aluminate, potassium tetrakis(phenyl)aluminate, potassium tetrakis(p-tolyl)aluminate, potassium tetrakis(m-tolyl)-aluminate, potassium tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, potassium tetrakis (3,5-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, potassium tetrafluoroaluminate, triphenylcarbenium tris(2,2′,2″-nonafluorobiphenyl)fluoroaluminate, silver tetrakis(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanolato)-aluminate, or silver tetrakis(perfluoro-t-butoxy)aluminate, or any combination thereof.
 13. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein: a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises

or a combination thereof; b) the at least one organoaluminum compound comprises triethylaluminum, tri-n-butylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, or any combination thereof; and c) the at least one activator comprises a fluorided solid oxide.
 14. A catalyst composition comprising a contact product of: 1) at least one ansa-metallocene; and 2) at least one activator; wherein: a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula: (X¹)(X²)(X³)(X⁴)M, wherein M is titanium, zirconium, or hafnium; (X¹) and (X²) are independently a substituted fluorenyl or a substituted indenyl; one substituent on (X¹) and (X²) is a bridging group bonded to both (X¹) and (X²) and having the formula CH₂CH[(CH₂)_(n)CH═CH₂], or a substituted analog thereof, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8, inclusive; (X³) and (X⁴) are independently: 1) F, Cl, Br, or I; 2) a hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄; 3) a hydrocarbyloxide group, a hydrocarbylamino group, or a trihydrocarbylsilyl group, any of which having up to 20 carbon atoms; or 4) OBR^(A) ₂ or SO₃R^(A), wherein R^(A) is an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 12 carbon atoms; wherein at least one of (X³) and (X⁴) is a hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄; and any substituent on the bridging group, any additional substituent on the substituted fluorenyl, and any additional substituent on the substituted indenyl is independently an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a cyclic group, a combination of aliphatic and cyclic groups, an oxygen group, a sulfur group, a nitrogen group, a phosphorus group, an arsenic group, a carbon group, a silicon group, or a boron group, any of which having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; a halide; or hydrogen; and b) the at least one activator comprises a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion.
 15. The catalyst composition of claim 14, wherein: a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula:

or a combination thereof, wherein M¹ and M² are independently zirconium or hafnium; X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, and X¹⁰ are independently F, Cl, Br, I, H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, benzyl; wherein at least one of X⁷ and X⁸ is H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; and wherein at least one of X⁹ and X¹⁰ is H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 10 carbon atoms, or hydrogen; and n, in each occurrence, is an integer from 0 to 7, inclusive; and b) the at least one activator comprises a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion, wherein the solid oxide is silica, alumina, silica-alumina, aluminophosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc aluminate, heteropolytungstate, titania, zirconia, magnesia, boria, zinc oxide, mixed oxides thereof, or any combination thereof; and the electron-withdrawing anion is fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, phosphate, triflate, bisulfate, sulfate, fluoroborate, fluorosulfate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, fluorophosphate, fluorozirconate, fluorosilicate, fluorotitanate, substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfonate, substituted or unsubstituted arenesulfonate, or any combination thereof.
 16. The catalyst composition of claim 14, wherein: a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula:

or a combination thereof, wherein M¹ and M² are independently zirconium or hafnium; X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, and X¹⁰ are independently Cl, Br, methyl, benzyl; R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are independently t-butyl or hydrogen; R⁷ is H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, or n-butyl, and n, in each occurrence, is an integer from 1 to 5, inclusive; and b) the at least one activator comprises chlorided alumina, fluorided alumina, fluorided aluminophosphate, sulfated alumina, fluorided silica-alumina, or any combination thereof.
 17. A process for producing a polymerization catalyst composition comprising contacting: 1) at least one ansa-metallocene; 2) optionally, at least one organoaluminum compound; and 3) at least one activator, wherein: a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula: (X¹)(X²)(X³)(X⁴)M, wherein M is titanium, zirconium, or hafnium; (X¹) and (X²) are independently a substituted fluorenyl or a substituted indenyl; one substituent on (X¹) and (X²) is a bridging group bonded to both (X¹) and (X²) and having the formula CH₂CH[(CH₂)_(n)CH═CH₂], or a substituted analog thereof, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8, inclusive; (X³) and (X⁴) are independently: 1) F, Cl, Br, or I; 2) a hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄; 3) a hydrocarbyloxide group, a hydrocarbylamino group, or a trihydrocarbylsilyl group, any of which having up to 20 carbon atoms; or 4) OBR^(A) ₂ or SO₃R^(A), wherein R^(A) is an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 12 carbon atoms; and any substituent on the bridging group, any additional substituent on the substituted fluorenyl, and any additional substituent on the substituted indenyl is independently an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a cyclic group, a combination of aliphatic and cyclic groups, an oxygen group, a sulfur group, a nitrogen group, a phosphorus group, an arsenic group, a carbon group, a silicon group, or a boron group, any of which having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; a halide; or hydrogen; b) the at least one organoaluminum compound comprises a compound having the formula: Al(X⁵)_(n)(X⁶)_(3−n), wherein (X⁵) is a hydrocarbyl having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; (X⁶) is alkoxide or aryloxide, any of which having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, halide, or hydride; and n is a number from 1 to 3, inclusive; and c) the at least one activator comprises a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion; wherein the at least one organoaluminum compound is optional when at least one of X³ and X⁴ is a hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄.
 18. The process for producing a polymerization catalyst composition according to claim 17, wherein: a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula:

or a combination thereof, wherein M¹ and M² are independently zirconium or hafnium; X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, and X¹⁰ are independently F, Cl, Br, I, H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 10 carbon atoms, or hydrogen; and n, in each occurrence, is an integer from 0 to 7, inclusive; b) the at least one organoaluminum compound comprises trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tripropylaluminum, tributylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, trihexylaluminum, triisohexylaluminum, trioctylaluminum, diethylaluminum ethoxide, diisobutylaluminum hydride, diethylaluminum chloride, or any combination thereof and c) the at least one activator comprises a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion, wherein the solid oxide is silica, alumina, silica-alumina, aluminophosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc aluminate, heteropolytungstate, titania, zirconia, magnesia, boria, zinc oxide, mixed oxides thereof or any combination thereof; and the electron-withdrawing anion is fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, phosphate, triflate, bisulfate, sulfate, fluoroborate, fluorosulfate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, fluorophosphate, fluorozirconate, fluorosilicate, fluorotitanate, substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfonate, substituted or unsubstituted arenesulfonate, or any combination thereof.
 19. A process for producing a polymerization catalyst composition comprising contacting: 1) at least one ansa-metallocene; and 2) at least one activator, wherein: a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula: (X¹)(X²)(X³)(X⁴)M, wherein M is titanium, zirconium, or hafnium; (X¹) and (X²) are independently a substituted fluorenyl or a substituted indenyl; one substituent on (X¹) and (X²) is a bridging group bonded to both (X¹) and (X²) and having the formula CH₂CH[(CH₂)_(n)CH═CH₂], or a substituted analog thereof, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8, inclusive; (X³) and (X⁴) are independently: 1) F, Cl, Br, or I; 2) a hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄; 3) a hydrocarbyloxide group, a hydrocarbylamino group, or a trihydrocarbylsilyl group, any of which having up to 20 carbon atoms; or 4) OBR^(A) ₂ or SO₃R^(A), wherein R^(A) is an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 12 carbon atoms; wherein at least one of (X³) and (X⁴) is a hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄; and any substituent on the bridging group, any additional substituent on the substituted fluorenyl, and any additional substituent on the substituted indenyl is independently an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a cyclic group, a combination of aliphatic and cyclic groups, an oxygen group, a sulfur group, a nitrogen group, a phosphorus group, an arsenic group, a carbon group, a silicon group, or a boron group, any of which having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; a halide; or hydrogen; and b) the at least one activator comprises a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion.
 20. The process for producing a polymerization catalyst composition according to claim 19, wherein: a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula:

or a combination thereof, wherein M¹ and M² are independently zirconium or hafnium; X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, and X¹⁰ are independently F, Cl, Br, I, H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; wherein at least one of X⁷ and X⁸ is H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; and wherein at least one of X⁹ and X¹⁰ is H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 10 carbon atoms, or hydrogen; and n, in each occurrence, is an integer from 0 to 7, inclusive; and b) the at least one activator comprises a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion, wherein the solid oxide is silica, alumina, silica-alumina, aluminophosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc aluminate, heteropolytungstate, titania, zirconia, magnesia, boria, zinc oxide, mixed oxides thereof, or any combination thereof; and the electron-withdrawing anion is fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, phosphate, triflate, bisulfate, sulfate, fluoroborate, fluorosulfate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, fluorophosphate, fluorozirconate, fluorosilicate, fluorotitanate, substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfonate, substituted or unsubstituted arenesulfonate, or any combination thereof.
 21. A method of polymerizing olefins, comprising: contacting ethylene and an optional α-olefin comonomer with a catalyst composition under polymerization conditions to form a polymer or copolymer; wherein the catalyst composition comprises a contact product of: 1) at least one ansa-metallocene; 2) optionally, at least one organoaluminum compound; and 3) at least one activator, wherein: a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula: (X¹)(X²)(X³)(X⁴)M, wherein M is titanium, zirconium, or hafnium; (X¹) and (X²) are independently a substituted fluorenyl or a substituted indenyl; one substituent on (X¹) and (X²) is a bridging group bonded to both (X¹) and (X²) and having the formula CH₂CH[(CH₂)_(n)CH═CH₂], or a substituted analog thereof, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8, inclusive; (X³) and (X⁴) are independently: 1) F, Cl, Br, or I; 2) a hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄; 3) a hydrocarbyloxide group, a hydrocarbylamino group, or a trihydrocarbylsilyl group, any of which having up to 20 carbon atoms; or 4) OBR^(A) ₂ or SO₃R^(A), wherein R^(A) is an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 12 carbon atoms; and any substituent on the bridging group, any additional substituent on the substituted fluorenyl, and any additional substituent on the substituted indenyl is independently an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a cyclic group, a combination of aliphatic and cyclic groups, an oxygen group, a sulfur group, a nitrogen group, a phosphorus group, an arsenic group, a carbon group, a silicon group, or a boron group, any of which having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; a halide; or hydrogen; b) the at least one organoaluminum compound comprises a compound having the formula: Al(X⁵)_(n)(X⁶)_(3−n), wherein (X⁵) is a hydrocarbyl having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; (X⁶) is alkoxide or aryloxide, any of which having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, halide, or hydride; and n is a number from 1 to 3, inclusive; and c) the at least one activator comprises a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion; wherein the at least one organoaluminum compound is optional when at least one of X³ and X⁴ is a hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄.
 22. The method of polymerizing olefins according to claim 21, wherein: a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula:

or a combination thereof wherein M¹ and M² are independently zirconium or hafnium; X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, and X¹⁰ are independently F, Cl, Br, I, H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 10 carbon atoms, or hydrogen; and n, in each occurrence, is an integer from 0 to 7, inclusive; b) the at least one organoaluminum compound comprises trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tripropylaluminum, tributylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, trihexylaluminum, triisohexylaluminum, trioctylaluminum, diethylaluminum ethoxide, diisobutylaluminum hydride, diethylaluminum chloride, or any combination thereof; and c) the at least one activator comprises a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion, wherein the solid oxide is silica, alumina, silica-alumina, aluminophosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc aluminate, heteropolytungstate, titania, zirconia, magnesia, boria, zinc oxide, mixed oxides thereof, or any combination thereof; and the electron-withdrawing anion is fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, phosphate, triflate, bisulfate, sulfate, fluoroborate, fluorosulfate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, fluorophosphate, fluorozirconate, fluorosilicate, fluorotitanate, substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfonate, substituted or unsubstituted arenesulfonate, or any combination thereof.
 23. A method of polymerizing olefins, comprising: contacting ethylene and an optional α-olefin comonomer with a catalyst composition under polymerization conditions to form a polymer or copolymer; wherein the catalyst composition comprises a contact product of: 1) at least one ansa-metallocene; and 2) at least one activator, wherein: a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula: (X¹)(X²)(X³)(X⁴)M, wherein M is titanium, zirconium, or hafnium; (X¹) and (X²) are independently a substituted fluorenyl or a substituted indenyl; one substituent on (X¹) and (X²) is a bridging group bonded to both (X¹) and (X²) and having the formula CH₂CH[(CH₂)_(n)CH═CH₂], or a substituted analog thereof, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 8, inclusive; (X³) and (X⁴) are independently: 1) F, Cl, Br, or I; 2) a hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄; 3) a hydrocarbyloxide group, a hydrocarbylamino group, or a trihydrocarbylsilyl group, any of which having up to 20 carbon atoms; or 4) OBR^(A) ₂ or SO₃R^(A), wherein R^(A) is an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 12 carbon atoms; wherein at least one of (X³) and (X⁴) is a hydrocarbyl group having up to 20 carbon atoms, H, or BH₄; and any substituent on the bridging group, any additional substituent on the substituted fluorenyl, and any additional substituent on the substituted indenyl is independently an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a cyclic group, a combination of aliphatic and cyclic groups, an oxygen group, a sulfur group, a nitrogen group, a phosphorus group, an arsenic group, a carbon group, a silicon group, or a boron group, any of which having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; a halide; or hydrogen; and b) the at least one activator comprises a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion.
 24. The method of polymerizing olefins according to claim 23, wherein: a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula:

or a combination thereof, wherein M¹ and M² are independently zirconium or hafnium; X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, and X¹⁰ are independently F, Cl, Br, I, H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, benzyl; wherein at least one of X⁷ and X⁸ is H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; and wherein at least one of X⁹ and X¹⁰ is H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 10 carbon atoms, or hydrogen; and n, in each occurrence, is an integer from 0 to 7, inclusive; and b) the at least one activator comprises a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion, wherein the solid oxide is silica, alumina, silica-alumina, aluminophosphate, aluminum phosphate, zinc aluminate, heteropolytungstate, titania, zirconia, magnesia, boria, zinc oxide, mixed oxides thereof, or any combination thereof and the electron-withdrawing anion is fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, phosphate, triflate, bisulfate, sulfate, fluoroborate, fluorosulfate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, fluorophosphate, fluorozirconate, fluorosilicate, fluorotitanate, substituted or unsubstituted alkanesulfonate, substituted or unsubstituted arenesulfonate, or any combination thereof.
 25. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein: a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula:

M¹ zirconium or hafnium; X⁷ and X⁸ are independently Cl, Br, methyl, or benzyl; R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently t-butyl hydrogen; and n is an integer from 1 to 5, inclusive; b) the at least one organoaluminum compound comprises triethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, or a combination thereof; and c) the at least one activator comprises chlorided alumina, fluorided alumina, sulfated alumina, fluorided silica-alumina, or any combination thereof.
 26. The catalyst composition of claim 14, wherein: a) the at least one ansa-metallocene comprises a compound having the formula:

M¹ zirconium or hafnium; X⁷ and X⁸ are independently F, Cl, Br, I, H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; wherein at least one of X⁷ and X⁸ is H, BH₄, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are independently an alkyl group or an aryl group, any of which having up to 10 carbon atoms, or hydrogen; and n is an integer from 0 to 7, inclusive; and b) the at least one activator comprises chlorided alumina, fluorided alumina, sulfated alumina, fluorided silica-alumina, or any combination thereof. 